lecture 1

Question 1

What is the nervous system divided into?

Answer 1

Central and peripheral nervous system

Question 2

What is in the CNS

Answer 2

Brain and Spinal cord

Question 3

What is in the PNS?

Answer 3

sensory (afferent) neurons that transmit sensory information to the CNS and efferent neurons that carry signals from CNS to target cells

Question 4

CNS Neuronal cells: Neurons

Answer 4

• basic building block of nervous system
• contain soma (cell body) and extended processes like dendrites and axons which are crucial for communication

Question 5

CNS: clusters of cell body

Answer 5

nuclei

Question 6

Non-neuronal cells in CNS: Glial cells

Answer 6

• provide support for neurons biochemical and structurally
  not directly involved in synaptic transmission or electrical signaling but do communicate with neurons

Question 7

Non-neuronal cells: meningeal cells

Answer 7

• fibrous layers that protect the CNS
• contain dura, arachnoid, and pia mater
• diverse cell types like fibroblasts, complex lymphatic system, and immune cells

Question 8

non-neuronal in CNS: epithelial and endothelial cells

Answer 8

• constituents of the choroid plexus: tissue lining brain ventricles responsible for the synthesis of CSF
• blood brain barrier
  -both protect CNS

Question 9

neuronal cells in PNS

Answer 9

afferent, efferent, clusters of cell bodies called ganglia

Question 10

clusters of cell bodies in neuronal cells

Answer 10

ganglia

Question 11

non-neuronal cells in PNS

Answer 11

glial cells, blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB)

Question 12

gray matter

Answer 12

neuronal cell bodies and dendrites

Question 13

white matter

Answer 13

tracts of axons and their myelin sheaths

Question 14

gray and white matter on cerebral cortex

Answer 14

gray matter on the surface white matter on the inside

Question 15

spinal cord gray and white matter

Answer 15

white matter on the surface gray on the outside

Question 16

main components of a neuron

Answer 16

cell body, axon, and dendritic process

Question 17

cell body

Answer 17

control center
lacks centrioles so not able to divide as a result is an amitotic cell

Question 18

dendrites

Answer 18

• receive signals from other neurons

Question 19

dendritic spines

Answer 19

increase surface of communication through small dendrite membrane protrusions that are of critical importance in learning and memory

Question 20

axon

Answer 20

• carries outgoing information to target cell
• lacks free ribosomes and ER
• contains myelin sheaths

Question 21

Axonal features: axon hillock

Answer 21

• action potential is generated here
  -moves along the axon and causes the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse allowing communication

Question 22

Axonal features: axonal terminal

Answer 22

• distal part of axons that contains synaptic vesicles

Question 23

varicosities

Answer 23

enlarged region along the axon in many autonomic neurons

Question 24

Axonal features: growth cone

Answer 24

• tip of axon, very mobile and direct axon growth

Question 25

Axonal features: collaterals

Answer 25

axonal branches, enable neuron to make a connection

Question 26

axonal transport

Answer 26

- has no organelles so depends on cell body - can be fast or slow depending on the speed at which material moves

Question 27

anterograde transport

Answer 27

from the cell body to the axon terminal

Question 28

retrograde transport

Answer 28

- from axon terminal to the cell body - used to recycle old cell material

Question 29

chemical synapses

Answer 29

- found in mature nervous systems - pass through synaptic clefts

Question 30

electrical synapses

Answer 30

- abundant in developmental stages - signals pass through gap junctions and lack synaptic clefts - bidirectional

Question 31

axodendritic synapse

Answer 31

when a nerve ending synapses on a dendrite of a second neuron

Question 32

axosomatic synapse

Answer 32

when a nerve ending synapses on the soma of a second neurons

Question 33

axoaxonic synapse

Answer 33

when the communication occurs between two axons

Question 34

dendrodentritic synapse

Answer 34

synapse between dendrite and dendrite

Question 35

neuromuscular junction

Answer 35

when neurons interact with muscle fiber

Question 36

neurons are categorized structurally based on....

Answer 36

how many processes come from the cell body

Question 37

unipolar neurons

Answer 37

one structure extending from cell body

Question 38

bipolar neurons

Answer 38

two equal fibers extending off the soma, a single axon and dendrite

Question 39

pseudo unipolar neurons

Answer 39

dendrite is fused with the axon, the cell body is located off one side of the axon

Question 40

multipolar neurons

Answer 40

many dendrites and branched axons

Question 41

anaxonic

Answer 41

no identifiable axon but have many dendrites

Question 42

sensory neurons

Answer 42

transmitting information to the CNS about temperature, pressure, light, and other stimuli

Question 43

pseudounipolar sensory neurons

Answer 43

long processes that reach receptors in the internal organs and extremeties and their cell bodies are close to the CNS

Question 44

bipolar neurons

Answer 44

smaller and include sensory neurons in the eye and nose

Question 45

interneurons

Answer 45

only found in the CNS and have short axons, Intricate branching processes that allow them to connect to several other neurons

Question 46

nerves

Answer 46

axons bundled together and composed of connective tissue. Sensory, motor, and mixed nerves

Question 47

Types of glial cells: Oligodentrites

Answer 47

- CNS - wraps around axons and form insulating myelin sheaths - 1 to many

Question 48

Types of glial cells: Schwann cells

Answer 48

- PNS - form insulating myelin sheaths - 1 cell/axon

Question 49

Types of glial cells: Astrocytes

Answer 49

- CNS - formation of the blood-brain barrier and main appropriate chemical environment

Question 50

Types of glial cells: microglia

Answer 50

- specialized immune cells - scavenger cells that remove old cellular materials from injury sites

Question 51

Types of glial cells: ependymal

Answer 51

- CNS - create selectively permeable epithelial layer, ependyma, that lines brain ventricles - forms barrier between compartment of brain - source of neural stem cells

Question 52

regeneration may occur in...

Answer 52

PNS and less likely in CNS