Lecture 1

Question 1

What is Energy?

Answer 1

Energy is the capacity to do work.

Question 2

Kinetic Energy

Answer 2

When you are using the energy to do something. The energy of motion.

Question 3

Potential Energy

Answer 3

When you are storing the energy for another time. Going to store energy in any shape or form.

Question 4

Oxidation

Answer 4

when you have a molecule and be losing some type of electron.

Question 5

Reduction

Answer 5

Gaining some type of electron.

Question 6

Reducing power

Answer 6

The ability of organisms to store energy and molecules by transferring electrons to them.

Question 7

The first law of thermodynamics

Answer 7

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed it can only change from one form to another.

Question 8

Heat

Answer 8

measure of the random motion of molecules

Question 9

Entropy

Answer 9

A measure of a disorder of a system.

Question 10

Free Energy

Answer 10

Amount of energy available to break and form other chemical bonds.; the energy available to do work

Question 11

G = H - TS

Answer 11

G: Free Energy
H: Enthalpy - the energy contained in a molecules chemical bond (ex: food)
T: Absolute Temperature
S: Entropy

Question 12

Endergonic

Answer 12

+g Any reaction that requires an input of energy.

Question 13

Exergonic

Answer 13

Any reaction that requires the excess free energy as heat.

Question 14

Activation Energy

Answer 14

The energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds and initial a chemical reaction. The energy you need to start a reaction.

Question 15

Which statement does not describe the structure of ATP?

Answer 15

You need ribose, adenine, and a triphosphate group

Question 16

______ occurs when energy is transferred from one molecule to another and are used in many different biological processes. Fill in the blank.

Answer 16

Redox Reaction

Question 17

What is often a byproduct of a chemical reaction (according to the First Law of Thermodynamics)?

Answer 17

Heat

Question 18

Which statement describes any information discussed in class regarding the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 18

The Second Law of Thermodynamics - just because energy is there, that doesn’t mean that everything you consume, you can get something from because some of it is going to be waste material; disorder is more likely than order (the chances of you eating something and using every single piece of it is basically impossible)

Question 19

What is the equation for Gibbs free energy?

Answer 19

G = H - TS

Question 20

How are catalysts useful for completing chemical reactions?

Answer 20

Catalysts lower the activation energy needed to begin a chemical process (reaction goes faster)

Question 21

How does ATP store and release energy (know the specific bond we discussed)?

Answer 21

ATP stores energy in the bonds between the phosphate groups which have a low activation energy to be broken; they can release a lot of energy when broken.

Question 22

What is the difference between the structures of ATP and ADP (there is only one main difference we discussed in class)?

Answer 22

ATP has 3 phosphates and ADP has 2 phosphates

Question 23

Know the ATP cycle below. You will have to label the steps of this reaction if this question is chosen by Excel.

Answer 23

You have ATP, you add water, and through a hydrolysis reaction, water breaks apart the ATP (take a phosphate off) into 2 pieces: ADP and the extra phosphate that was taken off, energy for endergonic cellular processes is now available, Pi stands for the extra phosphate that was broken off, then you add the phosphate back to the ADP

Question 24

Cells use proteins called ______ as catalysts to lower activation energy during chemical reactions. Fill in the blank.

Answer 24

Enzymes

Question 25

What is a substrate?

Answer 25

A molecule that will undergo the reaction

Question 26

active site of an enzyme

Answer 26

is a place where the substrate binds to an enzyme at that specific area.

Question 27

What is the definition of an enzyme-substrate complex?

Answer 27

Enzyme-substrate complex - when the substrate and the enzyme are connected and different chemical processes take place inside of that area

Question 28

What is the definition of a multienzyme?

Answer 28

when several enzymes catalyze different steps of a sequence of reactions and are associated with one another in non-covalently bonded assemblies

Question 29

Which is not an advantage of using multienzymes verses regular enzymes?

Answer 29

The rate of the process is much faster The reacting substance doesn’t leave the complex while it goes through a series of reactions (unwanted side reactions are prevented) All of the reactions that take place within the multienzyme complex can be controlled as a unit so the chances of something going wrong is minimal

Question 30

_________ are chemical components which assist in an enzyme’s function. ______ are when the cofactor is a non-protein organic molecules (i.e. vitamins). Fill in the blanks.

Answer 30

Cofactors and Coenzyme

Question 31

For specific enzymes, what happens when a cofactor is not attached to its designed enzyme?

Answer 31

The substrate would not be able to attach itself

Question 32

Which statement explains how temperature and pH can affect enzymes?

Answer 32

Temperature: If you increase the temperature, it will usually increase the rate of the reaction, by only up to the point called the optimum temperature (where you will have the highest rate of reaction, but if you go past this, the rate will go down pH: there is an optimum pH (all of the enzymes will have this)

Question 33

What is the definition of an enzymatic inhibitor?

Answer 33

substances that bind to an enzyme and decrease its activity; can bind to something called the active site or the allosteric site

Question 34

What is the difference between a competitive inhibitor and noncompetitive inhibitor?

Answer 34

Competitive Inhibitor - interferes with active site of enzyme so substrate cannot bind; competes with the substrate for the same active site and displaces a percentage of substrate molecules from the enzyme Noncompetitive - has to do with the allosteric site

Question 35

What is the definition of an allosteric site of an enzyme?

Answer 35

serves as a chemical on-and-off switch within the enzyme

Question 36

What is the definition of either an (a) allosteric inhibitor or (b) allosteric activator?

Answer 36

Allosteric Inhibitor - when you have an inhibitor attached to the allosteric site; it changes the shape of the enzyme so it can not bind to the substrate Allosteric Activator - has to be attached to a allosteric site to keep enzymes in their active configuration; opposite of the inhibitor

Question 37

What is the definition of a biochemical pathway?

Answer 37

a reaction occurring involving enzymes; the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction

Question 38

What is the definition of metabolism?

Answer 38

the total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism

Question 39

What is the difference between the metabolic processes of catabolism and anabolism?

Answer 39

Catabolism - the reactions that harvest energy when chemical bonds are broken (when you eat food) Anabolism - is the type of reaction that expends energy to make or transform chemical bonds

Question 40

Many different biochemical pathways regulate their metabolic processes by using feedback inhibition pathways. What is the definition of feedback inhibition?

Answer 40

Feedback Inhibition - a type of biochemical pathway in which the final product becomes the allosteric inhibitor for the first enzyme in the pathway