Lecture 1:

Question 1

What is the clinical aspect of emotion in psychology?

Answer 1

How can we help control harmful or dysfunctional emotions

Question 2

What is the cognitive aspect of emotion?

Answer 2

How do emotions influence people’s thought processes

Question 3

What is the soical aspect?

Answer 3

How do our emotions impact relationships

Question 4

what is the personality aspect?

Answer 4

How and why do people differ in their emotions

Question 5

What is the biological/neuroscience aspect?

Answer 5

What biological mechanisms underlie emotional processes

Question 6

Do we observe emotions or do we infer them?

Answer 6

We infer emotions

Question 7

What is emotion?

Answer 7

“An inferred complex sequence of reactions to a stimulus [including] cognitive evaluations, subjective changes, autonomic and neural arousal, impulses to action, and behavior designed to have an effect upon the stimulus that initiated the complex sequence”

Question 8

What is Plutchik’s definition of emotion?

Answer 8

Emotions are:
Functional - quickly & efficiently facilitating action that’ll have an effect around us

Responses - to objects & events that take place in the environ (external environ)

Inferred - since they take place inside people

Question 9

What are the 4 main aspects of emotion?

Answer 9

Cognitive appraisal - subjective interpretation of a situation

Feelings - your perception of a situation (private and subjective)

Physiological changes - how your body reacts to a particular siuation

Behavior - how we act regarding a particular emotion (language, facial expression, voice)

Question 10

What is the general rule about the aspects of emotion?

Answer 10

If any aspects are missing, it is not considered an emotion anymore

Question 11

What are the 3 classic theories of emotion?

Answer 11

James-lang Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter-Singer Theory

Question 12

What is the “common sense” view?

Answer 12

Eliciting event -> feeling -> behavior
Emotional behavior is caused by feelings

Question 13

What is the James Lang Theory?

Answer 13

Eliciting event -> Physiological changes & behaviors -> feeling

Subjective feeling is caused by awareness of physiological change (interoception) & behaviour (sensation of muscles)

emotions are instinctive responses to important events in the environ

Diff emotions = diff physiological profiles

Question 14

What is the James “bear in the woods” ex?

Answer 14

1. guy sees a bear in the woods
2. guy’s body prepares him to run (sweating)
3. guy’s perception of his own physical change & action is the fear

Question 15

What is wrong with the James view?

Answer 15

You don’t always run away from the bear (it can be in a zoo etc.)

Question 16

What was the modification to James-Lang theory?

Answer 16

They added appraisal - subjective interpretation of what a stimulus means for our goals, concerns, & well-being

Question 17

What is the James-Lang Theory, Revised?

Answer 17

Eliciting event -> Appraisal -> physiological changes & behvaiors –> feeling
(u only run from the bear if u see it as a threat

Question 18

what is the Cannon-Bard theory?

Answer 18

Eliciting event causes appraisal, behvaior, & feelings (all at the same time)

-u see the stimulus/evaluate the situation, experience physiological changes and evaluate feeling - all of it happens together

Question 19

who said that diff emotion feelings may be caused by diff patterns of physiological change?

Answer 19

William Jmaes

Question 20

What is the Schachter-Singer Theory?

Answer 20

Physiological changes are similar across emotions - not specific enough to differentiate them

Question 21

What are the 3 parts to Schachter-singer theory?

Answer 21

physio change -> look for plausible eliciting event -> appraisal ->feeling and behavior
1. Non-specific physiological changes occur, just aroused vs. not aroused
2. Aroused physiology and feelings make us look to the environment for an explanation
3. This explanation determines our appraisal, the specific label we give to feelings, and resulting behavior

Question 22

What was the experiment by Schachter & Singer?

Answer 22

Qs: When aroused, do people decide what they are feeling based on their environment?

One with adrenaline with telling them u will have physiological changes
One with adrenaline without telling them
One group with placebo

half the group was paired with a happy person to elicit emotions
half the group was paired with an angry person to elicit angry emotions

Question 23

What is arousal manipulation?

Answer 23

injection with epinephrine (informed or effects) with epinephrine (uniformed) or placebo

Question 24

what is situation manipulation?

Answer 24

Euphoria - confederate acting happy playing around vs. anger - insulting questionnaire, confederate angry

Question 25

What were the results of the study?

Answer 25

participants that were injected were happier (not sig results) In Epi-uninformed, Happiness ratio higher in Euphoria than Anger condition, as hypothesized Participants were more happy than angry in all conditions. Happiness ratio highest in Epi-informed Anger condition

Question 26

Are people's interpretation of arousal influenced by the situation? (from study)

Answer 26

slightly but not strongly

Question 27

what happens is you tell people to expect arousal?

Answer 27

it detaches the link between the situation and emotional feelings

Question 28

summarize the classic theories.

Answer 28

James lang - emotion is caused by physiological responses Cannon Bard - you respond emotionally to a stressor and physiological changes happen at the same time Schachter Singer - after responding to a stressor, u appraise a threat at the same time as physiological changes and then feelings

Question 29

What are the modern theories of emotion?

Answer 29

Basic/discrete emotions theory Core affect & physiological construction The component process model

Question 30

What is the basic emotions theory?

Answer 30

Eliciting event -> appraisal -> cog changes, physio changes, feelings, action tendencies -> observable behavior - categorically distinct entities, each serving a diff adaptive function -coordinate diff aspects of emotion responding into a package -some emotion categories are inherent in human nature

Question 31

which classic theory is the most similar to basic emotions theory?

Answer 31

James Lang theory

Question 32

What is the criteria for basic emotions?

Answer 32

1) universal among humans 2) have a universal, innate form of non-verbal expression (facial vocal) 3) should be evident early in life (no clear cut to what is early) 4) should be physiologically distint from one another in the body and brain

Question 33

What is the Core Affect theory?

Answer 33

Eliciting event -> valence (pleasantness), phsio arousal -> feeling -prioritizes subjective feeling asthe defining aspect of emotion - arousal is non-specific, similar across emotions - external eliciting events may cause changes in valence & arousal but not always (hangry)

Question 34

What is the circumplex model (core affect)?

Answer 34

axis of Activated, deactivated, displeasure, pleasure - based on the degree of emotions - placing closeley related words together

Question 35

what is the evaluative space model?

Answer 35

circle, more specific?

Question 36

What are the similarities between the circumplex and evaluative space model?

Answer 36

- both emphasize the feeling aspect of emotion - both agree that these feelings are described as a continuous dimension

Question 37

what a is core effect?

Answer 37

an emotion in terms of dimension

Question 38

What is the physiological construction theory?

Answer 38

eliciting event -> valence, physio arousal -> feeling, appraisal, other cog changes, action tendencies, observable behavior - diff aspects of emotion are only loosly correlated

Question 39

Are emotion cateogries learned or innate?

Answer 39

They are learned and not innate, universal or objectively real

Question 40

What is the most similar classic theory to physiological construction?

Answer 40

Schachter singer theory - both argue tht physio arousal is too general - both say that people use info from the situation to categorize those feelings and decide on behavior - both say that physio arousal is not necessary for ppl to feel

Question 41

What is the component process model?

Answer 41

Eliciting events -> appraisals (expectedness, pleasantness, goal obstruction, cetainty, control) -> emotion (cog changes, physio changes, feelings, action tendencies) People continuously interpret their environ using a series of all-purpose appraisals (not categorical appraisals like danger) each appraisal has independent effects on cognition, physio etc. the combined effects across apraisals produce emotion

Question 42

What do the theories have in common?

Answer 42

- all theories allow for both nature and nurture influences on emotion -all theories propose that emotions serve valuable functions all theories acknowledge appraisal as a crucial predictor of emotional experience & behavior

Question 43

What are research methods for inducing emotions?

Answer 43

Relived experience - vividly recall & relive a personal experience with strong emotion scenarios - read & imagine yourself in a short stroy intended to elicit particular emotion photographs & film clips

Question 44

what are advantages of inducing emotions research methods?

Answer 44

face valid target specific emotion states

Question 45

what are disadvantages of inducing emotions research methods?

Answer 45

evoke emotins thru a memory or imaginary scene - may not recall accurately or experience the emotions in the same way eliciiting emotions thru an experiment is not as strong as the emotions in a real life event

Question 46

What are research methods for measuring emotions?

Answer 46

Self reports - retings or discriptions of feelings, thoughts, other aspect of emotion physiological measurements - measures of bodily or brain actvity that change in response to emotion stimuli (ex. bp) behaviors - observable actions such as facial expressions, speech, task performance & agression