Lecture 1

Question 1

hyperplasia

Answer 1

growth of tissue via increase in number of cells

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in tissue sizes via growth of cells

Question 3

accretion

Answer 3

increase in intracellular substances (in between cells)

Question 4

maturation

Answer 4

process of achieving a mature state, a certain level of functioning or of progressing toward that state

Question 5

maturity

Answer 5

state where it performs that function

Question 6

development

Answer 6

anything thats not maturation or growth

Question 7

biological development

Answer 7

stem cells, looking at how they differentiate and specify

Question 8

behavioral development

Answer 8

development of competence in various domains

Question 9

prenatal life

Answer 9

• period of zygote: conception - weeks 1/2
• embryonic period: 2-8 weeks
• fetal period: 9 weeks - birth

Question 10

infancy

Answer 10

neonatal period: birth - 1 month
early infancy: 1-12 months
later infancy: 12-24 months

Question 11

childhood

Answer 11

toddler period: 24-36 months
early childhood: 3-5 years
middle/later childhood: 6-10 years

Question 12

adolescence

Answer 12

prepubescence/early adolescence: 10-12 years (females), 11-13 years (males)
post pubescence/late adolescence: 12-20 years (females), 14-20 years (males)

Question 13

dorsal

Answer 13

towards the back

Question 14

ventral

Answer 14

towards the front

Question 15

caudal

Answer 15

towards the tail

Question 16

cranial

Answer 16

towards the head

Question 17

rostral

Answer 17

towards the nose

Question 18

fimbriae role in ovary

Answer 18

actin and myosin propel egg in uterine tube

Question 19

peristalsis

Answer 19

zygote moves toward uterus

Question 20

cleavage

Answer 20

mitotic division, begins slowly

Question 21

morula

Answer 21

bumpy, molberry, preparing to enter uterus

Question 22

just before second week…

Answer 22

cyst develops (blastocyst)

Question 23

blastocyst

Answer 23

stage where cyst has formed ~ day 4

Question 24

end of week 1

Answer 24

• blastocyst begins to attach to endometrium
• will begin secreting substance to breakdown epithelium of endometrium
• firmly attached and beginning to implant

Question 25

2nd week

Answer 25

period of 2's, formation of bilaminar embryo

Question 26

embryoblast

Answer 26

inner cell, cells that compact mass into wall

Question 27

trophoblast

Answer 27

becomes chorion/placenta layer of cells surrounding structure

Question 28

day 10, two cavities appear

Answer 28

- larger cavity: fluid in contact with hypoblast (below) - smaller cavity: fluid in contact with epiblast (above), eventually develops amniotic fluid

Question 29

days 7-13

Answer 29

- implantation occurs - connecting stalk: connects to what will be tail end of embryo

Question 30

teratogen

Answer 30

some type of substance that will cause maldevelopment

Question 31

week 3

Answer 31

- menstruation is missed - major structures develop (CNS and heart)

Question 32

thalidomide

Answer 32

- drug used for morning sickness - prevented development of blood vessels - resulted in limb malformation

Question 33

3 germinal cell layers

Answer 33

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 34

week 3 important structures

Answer 34

- primative streak: midline indentation on embryo - notocord: important signaling structure - neural tube: primative nervous system

Question 35

gastrulation

Answer 35

days 14-19, bulk of 3rd week

Question 36

gastrulation starts..

Answer 36

at caudal end and moves forward

Question 37

when formation of primative streak stops during gastrulation..

Answer 37

primitive node is formed

Question 38

notochord signals..

Answer 38

- ectoderm to become skin/NS, neural plate cells, develop into CNS - mesoderm to become muscle - endoderm to become linings

Question 39

~ day 21/end of 3rd week into week 4

Answer 39

flat plate begins to fold

Question 40

somites

Answer 40

precursors to important structures of the back (epidermis, muscles, CT, vertebrae)

Question 41

just into week 4

Answer 41

- rostral and caudal neuropores still present (close by day 26) - if caudal opening doesn't close = spina bifida - if rostral pore doesn't close = anecephally

Question 42

folding (into 4th and 5th week)

Answer 42

- head to tail folding: heart needs to move from cranial end to chest region - lateral folding: forms a tube, need to bring ectoderm around to provide covering

Question 43

weeks 5 and 6

Answer 43

- head to tail folding well underway - initial connecting stalk still remains - day 32: single umbilicus - start to see upper limb buds, heart prominence, pharyngeal arches

Question 44

body composition

Answer 44

- proportion of body weight that is water decreases after birth - proportion of fat increases - concentration of nitrogen increases - concentration of calcium increases - concentration of phosphorus increases

Question 45

fetal motor activity

Answer 45

- 4 weeks: heart movements - 8-9 weeks: limbs start moving - 20 weeks - term: motor activity decreases (fewer kicks but stronger)

Question 46

effects of smoking...

Answer 46

decreases motor activity

Question 47

factors that affect birth weight

Answer 47

- genotype - sex - ethnicity: white > mexican > asian > black

Question 48

maternal energy and nutrient intake affect on birthweight

Answer 48

too little negatively effects growth

Question 49

mothers own nutritional history affect on birthweight

Answer 49

low birth weight/ED negatively effects growth

Question 50

maternal smoking

Answer 50

more cigarettes a day increasingly affects growth

Question 51

maternal alcohol consumption

Answer 51

more drinks a day increasingly affects growth