Lecture 1

Question 1

benefits for plants living on land:

Answer 1

• unfiltered sunlight
• more CO2
• nutrient-rich soil

Question 2

when did small plants, fungi, and animals emerge on land?

Answer 2

500 MYA

Question 3

challenges for plants living on land:

Answer 3

• scarity of water
• lack of structural support against gravity

Question 4

what do plants supply?

Answer 4

fixed carbon ( sugars i.e. energy) and oxygen; they are the ultimate source of food eaten by land animals

Question 5

plants are not descended from ______ but share a common ancestor with them.

Answer 5

charophytes

Question 6

sporopollenin:

Answer 6

a layer of durable polymer in charophytes that prevent exposed zygotes from drying out

Question 7

is sporopollenin convergent or divergent from charaphytes to the plants?

Answer 7

divergent; found in plant spore walls

Question 8

the gametophyte produces

Answer 8

haploid gametes by mitosis

Question 9

the sporophyte produces

Answer 9

haploid spores by meiosis

Question 10

spores develop into

Answer 10

gametophytes

Question 11

heterosporous:

Answer 11

all seed plants

Question 12

homosporous:

Answer 12

all non-seed plants

Question 13

dioecious:

Answer 13

higher order plants

Question 14

monecious:

Answer 14

early lineages

Question 15

where is the embryo?

Answer 15

diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte

Question 16

how are nutrients transferred from parent to embryo?

Answer 16

placental transfer cells

Question 17

embryophytes:

Answer 17

plants are called this because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent

Question 18

where do the sporophytes produce spores?

Answer 18

in the sporangia

Question 19

sporocytes:

Answer 19

diploid cells that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

Question 20

what do spore walls contain?

Answer 20

sporopollenium

Question 21

sporopollenin:

Answer 21

makes them resistant to harsh environments

Question 22

where are gametes produced?

Answer 22

in the gametangia which developed from the spores released from the sporangia

Question 23

female gametangia::

Answer 23

archegonia

Question 24

what do the archegonia produce?

Answer 24

a single nonmotile egg

Question 25

male gametangia::

Answer 25

antheridia

Question 26

what does the antheridia do?

Answer 26

produce and release sperm

Question 27

where is the egg fertilized?

Answer 27

within an archegonium

Question 28

apical meristems:

Answer 28

plants sustain continual growth in length by repeated cell mitotic division

Question 29

cuticle:

Answer 29

a waxy covering of the epidermis

Question 30

stomata:

Answer 30

specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant

Question 31

bryophytes:

Answer 31

nonvascular non-seed plants AKA mosses

Question 32

do bryophytes form a monophyletic group?

Answer 32

no

Question 33

phylas of bryophytes:

Answer 33

mosses, liverworts, hornworts --earliest lineages to diverge from the common ancestor of land plants

Question 34

mosses:

Answer 34

capable of inhabiting diverse and sometimes extreme environments, but common in moist forests and wetlands

Question 35

peat moss:

Answer 35

sphagnum::forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material::can be used as a source of fuel

Question 36

what inhibits the decay of moss?

Answer 36

low temp., pH, and oxygen level of peatlands

Question 37

are gametophytes or sporophytes larger and longer-living?

Answer 37

gametophytes

Question 38

a spore germinates into a gametophyte composed of a

Answer 38

protonema and one or more gamete-producing gametophores

Question 39

rhizoids:

Answer 39

anchor gametophytes to substrate

Question 40

a sporophyte consists of:

Answer 40

a foot, a seta(stalk), and a sporangium, plus a capsule

Question 41

what does the capsule do in sporophytes:

Answer 41

discharges spores through a peristome

Question 42

who arose after mosses and gave rise to vascular tissue?

Answer 42

fern lineages

Question 43

two types of vascular tissues:

Answer 43

xylem and pholem

Question 44

xylem:

Answer 44

conducts most of the water and minerals and includes tube-shaped cells called tracheids

Question 45

lignin:

Answer 45

strengthen water-conducting cells in the xylem and provide structural support

Question 46

phloem:

Answer 46

cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products Vascular tissue allowed for increased height, which provided an evolutionary advantage

Question 47

roots:

Answer 47

are organs that anchor vascular plants and enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil

Question 48

mycorrhizae:

Answer 48

symbiotic associations between fungi and plants may have helped plants without true roots obtain nutrients and that symbiotic relationship is still seen today