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ENGR 202 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who defined sustainable design as seeking to meet the needs of the present without compromising those of future generations?

A

Brundtland.

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2
Q

Who defined sustainable design as the careful meshing of human purposes with the larger patterns and flows of the natural world?

A

David Orr.

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3
Q

Who defined sustainable design as a process that supports and improves the health of the systems that sustain life?

A

Bill Reed.

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4
Q

What are the three pillars of sustainability?

A

People (social), planet (environmental), and profit (economic).

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5
Q

The environmental impact of human activities fall into what three categories?

A

Physical changes, chemical changes, biological changes.

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6
Q

Deforestation (and other alterations of landscapes or waterways) is an example of what type of environmental change?

A

Physical change.

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7
Q

Changes to the built environment (buildings, bridges, etc.) from deposition and chemical attack is an example of what type of environmental change?

A

Physical change.

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8
Q

Changes to chemical constituents of soils and sediments is an example of what type of environmental change?

A

Chemical change.

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9
Q

Increases in the concentration of emitted substances in the air/water/soil and any resulting secondary reactions is an example of what type of environmental change?

A

Chemical change.

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10
Q

Changes in the viability of plants, fish, animals, and microorganisms due to altered habitat and chemical constituents/concentrations is an example of what type of environmental change?

A

Biological change.

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11
Q

Injury or illness to people/plants/animals from exposure to and/or accumulation of chemicals and their derivatives is an example of what type of environmental change?

A

Biological change.

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12
Q

What is anthropogenic environmental change?

A

Environmental change caused by human activities.

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13
Q

Anthropogenic environmental changes fall into what two categories?

A

Land use (including depletion of natural resources) and emissions/residues from products/industrial processes.

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14
Q

What are the 4 guiding principles for engineers to achieve sustainability?

A

(1) Maximize the value of your activity towards building a sustainable world. (2) Apply professional/responsible judgement & take a leadership role. (3) Seek multiple views. (4) Manage risk to minimize adverse impact.

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15
Q

What are the 3 major categories of sources of environmental impacts due to human activity.

A

Materials selection, manufacturing processes, and energy use.

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16
Q

In what 2 ways can the environmental impact of material selection be reduced?

A

Selecting alternative, environmentally preferable materials and using less material without compromising function/reliability.

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17
Q

The manufacturing process often consists of material extraction, refining, transport, transformation and assembly into final products. Which of these steps release waste materials into the environment?

A

In most cases, every one of these steps releases waste material to the environment.

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18
Q

Most of the world’s energy today comes from what energy source?

A

Fossil fuels - oil, coal, and natural gas.

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19
Q

Besides cost, why are nuclear and renewable energy sources not necessarily appropriate alternatives?

A

They aren’t free of adverse environmental consequences.

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20
Q

What is an environmental LCA and what does it do?

A

An environmental life cycle assessment provides the big picture of how engineering decisions in a particular area affect the environment.

21
Q

What does the law of mass conservation state?

A

That mass can neither be created nor destroyed.

22
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

That energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

23
Q

The Clean Air Act requires the EPA to set standards for 6 common air pollutants. What name is given to these standards?

A

National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

24
Q

What are the criteria air pollutants?

A

Particulate matters, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, lead, sulfur dioxide, & nitrogen dioxide.

25
Q

What are the 4 general sources of air pollutants?

A

Stationary fuel combustion sources, industrial (and other) processes, highway vehicles, and non-road mobile sources.

26
Q

PM are of what two possible measurement sizes?

A

PM10 or PM2.5

27
Q

PM10 and PM2.5 particles are of what maximum size?

A

10 and 2.5 microns, respectively.

28
Q

What level of PM is considered safe by the Canadian Environmental Protection Act?

A

There is no level considered safe.

29
Q

What about PM particles affects the scope & severity of its impacts?

A

The size (smaller particles are linked with adverse health effects).

30
Q

Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and various forms of heart disease are the effects of which criteria air pollutant?

A

PM.

31
Q

The following are major sources of which non-CO criteria air pollutant?
Industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and smoke from open burning and residential wood heat.

A

PM.

32
Q

Which of the criteria air pollutants is a brownish gas?

A

Nitrogen dioxide.

33
Q

Nitrogen dioxide causes acute respiratory irritation at what concentration when exposed for 15 minutes?

A

At 1 ppm for 15 minutes.

34
Q

Through photochemical reactions, NO2 is an important precursor to what 2 phenomena?

A

Acid rain and ground-level ozone.

35
Q

How is NO2 produced?

A

During fuel combustion.

36
Q

Which criteria air pollutant is the main component of smog?

A

Ground level ozone.

37
Q

How is ground level ozone produced?

A

By the reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides, in the presence of sunlight and warm temperatures.

38
Q

What are the 3 effects of prolonged exposure to ground level ozone?

A

Damage to lung tissue, premature aging of the lungs, chronic lung disease.

39
Q

VOCs are carcinogenic, as they contribute to the formation of what 2 criteria air pollutants?

A

Ground-level ozone and PM.

40
Q

The transportation sector, products containing solvents, industrial processes, and residential wood burning are all major sources of which criteria air pollutant?

A

Ground-level ozone.

41
Q

Which criteria air pollutant is an odorless, tasteless, colorless gas?

A

Carbon monoxide.

42
Q

How is carbon monoxide produced?

A

By the incomplete combustion of fuels (mainly from cars).

43
Q

Which criteria air pollutant interferes with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen to the brain, heart, and other tissues?

A

Carbon monoxide.

44
Q

Which criteria air pollutant slows reflexes and causes fatigue, headache, confusion, nausea, and dizziness?

A

Carbon monoxide.

45
Q

Inhaling large amounts of carbon monoxide leads to what?

A

Death by suffocation.

46
Q

What are the 4 primary sources of carbon monoxide?

A

Transportation, wood industry, aluminum industry, and residential wood heating.

47
Q

With criteria air pollutant is a colorless gas with a strong odor?

A

Sulfur Dioxide.

48
Q

Sulfur dioxide is an irritant to what parts of the body?

A

The eyes and respiratory tract.

49
Q

What are the 4 primary sources of sulfur dioxide production?

A

Burning of fossil fuels from smelters, power plants, refineries, and internal combustion engines (including automobiles).

ENGR 202 (8 decks)

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