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PAM 602: Applied medical sciences > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism

A

All chemical processes that occur in an organism

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2
Q

Inborn errors of metabolism

A

inherited or congenital disorders that are due to a defective enzyme causing a disruption in a specific metabolic pathway, the way that DNA or the genes communicate

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3
Q

Transcription occurs between

A

Dna and rna

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4
Q

translation occurs between

A

rna and protein

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5
Q

What does sickle cell anemia cause

A

Causes the body to produce a new form of hemoglobin called HbS, which behaves very differently to regular hemoglobin (HbA).

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6
Q

Example of autosomal recessive homozygous

A

Sickle cell anemia

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7
Q

Hypercholesterolemia

A

specifically very high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL, “bad cholesterol”)

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8
Q

What does the LDLR gene encode

A

encodes the LDL receptor protein.

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9
Q

How is Hypercholesterolemia diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed with blood tests, genetic testing and presence of xanthomas (waxy build up)

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10
Q

What is the treatment for Hypercholesterolemia?

A

treatment is statins but may require surgical intervention in more severe cases

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11
Q

What is Unrestrained, uncontrolled growth of cells

A

Cancer

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12
Q

What two kinds of genes can disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated

A
  • Tumor-suppressor genes
  • Proto-oncogenes
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13
Q

Which protein monitors integrity of dna?

A

p53 protein. p53 is absent or damaged in many cancerous cells

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14
Q

What does the p53 direct the cell to do?

A

If DNA damage is irreparable, p53 directs cell to kill itself

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15
Q

How does cancerous phenotype develop

A

Both copies of a tumor-suppressor gene must lose function for the cancerous phenotype to develop

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16
Q

What was the First tumor-suppressor identified

A

retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (Rb)

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17
Q

What does retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (Rb) do?

A

Predisposes individuals for a rare form of cancer that affects the retina of the eye

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18
Q

What are tumor supressor genes?

A
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19
Q

What are Proto-oncogenes?

A

Normal cellular genes that become oncogenes when mutated.

Oncogenes can cause cancer

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20
Q

How many copies of a proto-oncogene needs to undergo this mutation for uncontrolled division to take place

A

only one

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21
Q

Anabolism

A

building substances (molecules)

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22
Q

Catabolism

A

breaking substances (molecules)

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23
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

use up energy. They are endergonic. In an anabolic reaction small molecules join to make larger ones.

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24
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

release energy = exergonic. Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones.

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25
example of a catabolic reaction
that occurs in cells is the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
26
Example of anabolic reaction:
27
Example of a polar molecule
water
28
Polar or non polar dissolve in water?
Polar because they are hydrophilic
29
What causes acidosis?
diabetic ketosis and lactic acidosis. Alkalosis (pH >7.45) may follow vomiting of acidic gastric contents
30
Carbonic anhydrases (enzyme)
promote rapid H+ buffering and thus the stability of pH-sensitive processe
31
What does oxidative metabolism produce?
CO2
32
Which organs keep your acid-base balance normal?
Lungs and kidneys
33
Oxygen saturation (O2Sat).
This measures how much oxygen your red blood cells are carrying
34
Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)
This measures the pressure of oxygen that's dissolved in your blood. It helps show how well oxygen moves from your lungs to your bloodstream.
35
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2).
This measures the amount of carbon dioxide in your blood. It also shows how easily carbon dioxide can move out of your body.
36
Acidosis
Too much acid
37
Respiratory acidosis
state in which there is usually a failure of ventilation and an accumulation of carbon dioxide.
38
Metabolic acidosis pH?
pH<7.35
39
Metabolic alkalosis ph?
pH >7.45
40
Respiratory acidosis ph?
pH <7.35
41
Respiratory alkalosis ph
pH >7.45 ex. hyperventilation (blowing off CO2) due to fever, pain, or anxiety
42
Human diet must include how many essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized
9
43
How many grams does kidney filter over of amino acids from the arterial renal blood??
50
44
Non essential amino acids
can be created in the body from essential amino acids
45
Essential amino acids
cannot be created in the body from essential amino acids
46
What are the 9 essential amino acids?
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
47
Thalidomide
contains teratogenic S-enantiomer in addition to the therapeutic (anti-morning sickness) R-enantiomer
48
Warfarin
* The S-enantiomer is five times more potent than the R-enantiomer
49
Ibuprofen
S-enantiomer three times more potent than the other
50
molecular chaperones
Protein binding polypeptides called molecular chaperones stabilize unfolded protein intermediates * Prevents aggregation and facilitates trafficking of newly formed proteins
51
Where do proteins orginate from?
Proteins originate from a ribosome which got its instruction from tRNA -> mRNA and DNA
52
peptide
Protein is classified by size. Fewer than 50 amino acids
53
polypeptide
More than 50 amino acids
54
structural molecules (proteins)
ex: collagen, keratin * Lack catalytic activity, but can still signal * Example: collagen acts as an extracellular activating ligand for cell surface adhesion molecules
55
Functional molecules
* Enzymes (proteases, glycosylases) * Signaling molecules (transcription factors and receptors) * Transport/storage molecules(transferrin, ferritin, hemoglobin) * Antibodies(IgG,IgM)
56
List hydrophobic proteins
(water-insoluble, greasy) amino acids * Valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine
57
List hydrophobic proteins
(water-soluble) amino acids * Glutamate & aspartate (Acidic) lysine & arginine (basic)
58
hydrophobic effect
The influence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions on structure of proteins
59
Hydrophobic residues embed themselves where
in the interior of large proteins – mutations that eliminate the hydrophobicity of key amino acids may create destabilizing cavities within the protein
60
Hydrophilic residues stud themselves where
around the exterior of the protein where they provide interaction sites for proteins involved in cell signaling
61
missense mutation
Replacement of a hydrophobic by a hydrophilic amino acid or vice versa
62
Nonsense mutations
stop codons that result in chain termination – severity depends on the extent of protein truncation
63
ASA inhibits
cyclooxygenase
64
ACEI inhibits
angiotensin-converting enzyme
65
Pravastatin- inhibits
hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase
66
Omeprazole – inhibits
gastric H+/K+ ATPase pump
67
rate- limiting reaction
68
Zymogen
enzyme that acts as a proteases that is activated by the complement cascade
69
What is the advantage of zymogen?
enzymes remain inactive until the appropriate tissues destination is reached
70
How is pepsinogen activated?
intragastric acidity (pH <3) partly denatures the peptide exposing the enzymes active site leading to its cleavage, which activates the enzyme
71

PAM 602: Applied medical sciences (2 decks)

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