Lecture 1

Question 1

NLP - Linguistics

Answer 1

Formal, structural models of language

Question 2

NLP - Computer Science

Answer 2

Internal representations of data and algorithms for efficient processing

Question 3

NLP - Artificial Intelligence

Answer 3

Computational theory of human language processing

Question 4

NLP - Cognitive Psychology

Answer 4

Human cognition in language

Question 5

NLP - Statistics

Answer 5

Frequencies and probabilities of linguistic patterns

Question 6

Computational Linguistics

Answer 6

doing linguistics on computers

Question 7

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Answer 7

A range of computational
techniques:
* for analyzing and representing
naturally occurring texts at various
levels of linguistic analysis
* for the purpose of achieving
human like language processing
* for a range of particular tasks or
applications

Question 8

NLP Application Areas:
Machine Translation

Answer 8

conversion of text from one language to another

Question 9

NLP Application Areas:
Information Extraction

Answer 9

populating a database with specific data found in text

Question 10

NLP Application Areas:
Human computer Interfaces

Answer 10

NLP assistants, chatbots , interactive querying of databases

Question 11

NLP Application Areas:
Summarization

Answer 11

abstraction and condensation of major points

Question 12

NLP Application Areas:
Question Answering Systems

Answer 12

provision of best answer to the given question

Question 13

NLP Application Areas:
Information Retrieval / Search Engines

Answer 13

provision of documents

Question 14

NLP Application Areas:
Image to Text, Speech to Text and
Text to speech solutions

Answer 14

Support

Question 15

Data:
Unstructured

Answer 15

Data that has no inherent structure and is usually stored as different types of files
eg txt, pdf, images, videos

Question 16

Data:
Quasi-Structured

Answer 16

Textual Data with erratic formats that can be formatted with effort and software tools
eg JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)

Question 17

Data:
Semi-Structured

Answer 17

Textual data files with an apparent pattern, enabling analysis
eg spreadsheets and XML files

Question 18

Data:
Structured

Answer 18

Data having a defined data model, format, structure
eg database

Question 19

Why is NLP difficult?

Answer 19

Usually people are largely
unaware of the complexity of the
language tasks they perform so
effortlessly (exception: adult

Question 20

Why is NLP difficult?

Answer 20

• Subtleties of meaning
• Irony, sarcasm, humor, metaphor
• Ambiguity
• Ambiguity is a fundamental
  problem of computational
  linguistics
• Resolving ambiguity is a crucial goal

Question 21

Levels of Language Analysis (1)

Answer 21

Phonetic

Question 22

Levels of Language Analysis (2)

Answer 22

Morphological

Question 23

Levels of Language Analysis (3)

Answer 23

Lexical

Question 24

Levels of Language Analysis (4)

Answer 24

Syntactic

Question 25

Levels of Language Analysis (5)

Answer 25

Symantec

Question 26

Levels of Language Analysis (6)

Answer 26

Discourse

Question 27

Levels of Language Analysis (7)

Answer 27

Pragmatic

Question 28

Transitive:
eg Duck

Answer 28

(verb has a noun direct object)
eg I cooked [waterfowl belonging to her]

Question 29

Ditransitive:
eg Duck

Answer 29

(verb has 2 noun objects)
eg I made [her] (into) [undifferentiated waterfowl]

Question 30

Action-transitive
eg Duck

Answer 30

(verb has a direct object and another verb)
eg I caused [her] [to move her body]

Question 31

Ambiguity at Pragmatic Level
eg ‘At what time did you call me?’

Answer 31

Literal Meaning: What time was it?
Literal Response: A time (e.g. ’11 am.’)

Question 32

Ambiguity at Pragmatic Level
eg ‘At what time did you call me?’

Answer 32

(Pragmatic Meaning: a different question entirely,
e.g. Why were you so late?
Pragmatic Response: Explain the reason for being so late.)

Question 33

Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK)

Answer 33

A suite of Python libraries for symbolic and statistical
natural language programming
* Developed at the University of Pennsylvania