Lecture 1 Flashcards
(18 cards)
How does the body obtain energy?
oxidation of chemical bonds to make energy available
How is energy utilized in the body?
Basal metabolism is 60-75% of daily calories.
Exercise is about 15-30% of calories. (getting over a cold or recovering from surgery requires more energy)
Thermic effect of food (TEF) is 10% of daily calories.
How many calories are in a Calorie?
How many kJ are in a kcal?
1000 calories = 1 Calorie
4.18 kJ = 1 kcal (Cal)
How many kcal in a gram of alcohol?
7.0 kcal/g
How many kcal in a gram of protein?
4.0 kcal/g
How many kcal in 1 gram of fat?
9.0 kcal/g
How many kcal in 1 gram of carbohydrates?
4.0 kcal/g
How many kcal in 1 gram of vitamin/mineral/water?
0 kcal
Why does vitamin/mineral/water have 0 kcal?
Our body can’t make it. It can’t be broken down for energy (more like building blocks or cofactors)
Calculate Calories of (a) a food item with 22.5 g carbs, 32.5 g protein, and 15 g fat, and (b) an alcoholic beverage with 28 g alcohol and 15 g of sugar
a) 22.5g * 4kcal/g = 90kcal
32.5g4kcal/g = 130kcal
15g9kcal/g = 135kcal
90+130+135 = 355 kcal
b) 28g*7kcal/g = 196kcal
15g sugar (carbs) * 4 kcal/g = 60 kcal
196+60 = 256 kcal
How much water should we be drinking a day?
1 mL for each kcal (enough to replenish the water lost from sweat, urine, and oxidation of carbs and fats)
What are negative calorie foods?
they require more calories to process than there are contained within them
What are the general human nutritional requirements?
We need to be meeting the specific caloric intake and making sure that the food is readily digestible. We need to get enough essential nutrients, enough fiber and water.
What are the 6 essential elements of food and a fact about them? List kcal/g
1) Carbohydrates: simple and complex, good source of energy (4 kcal/g)
2) Fats: saturated and unsaturated, heart runs off of fats (9 kcal/g)
3) Proteins: essential and nonessential amino acids, not stored (4 kcal/g) [PVT TIM HaLL]
4) Vitamins: coenzymes and cofactors (0 kcal/g)
5) Minerals: macro and micro, essential for bone and tissue function (0 kcal/g)
6) Water: drink lots (kcal/g)
What factors are important in determining basal metabolic rate? Why?
Surface area: higher the surface area, the higher the rate of heat loss
Amount of body mass/cells: more cells with individual energy requires increases the basal metabolic rate (cancer = more cells = higher basal metabolic rate)
What is the basal metabolic rate and what percent of calories does your basal metabolism take up?
BMR: minimal energy needed to keep the body alive (alive and at rest). Energy is required for breathing, heart pumping, blood circulating, homeostasis, etc. (doesn’t take into account physical activity or digestion
Takes up to 60-75% of daily caloric intake
What is the nutritional unit of energy? What does that mean?
1 kcal (1000 calories) = 4.18 kJ
A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy which is required to raise 1 kg of water by 1C at 1 ATM.
What is the thermic effect of food? What percent of energy consumed do carbohydrates, proteins, and fats take up?
TEF: the amount of energy used by the body to digest, absorb, process, and excrete the 6 food elements; also includes heat production produced by brown adipose tissue which is activated after a meal is consumed
Carbs: 5-15% of the energy
Proteins: 20-35% of energy (hardest to process)
Fats: 5-15% of energy (easiest to process)
Overall, TEF is 10% of dietary intake. If diet is mostly fat, then the bodies’ TEF is lower. If diet is mostly meat with little fat and cards, TEF might be higher.
