Lecture 2 Flashcards
(18 cards)
What serves as a precursor to prostaglandins?
Essential fatty acids
About how much (%) of each macromolecule should make up the diet?
Carbs: 55% kcal
Lipids/fats: 30% kcal
Proteins: 15% kcal (need more, if working out, to repair muscles)
What are the key differences between Marasmus and Kwashiorkor?
Marasmus: lack of calories (can extent to proteins if that is the source for calories); not reversible due to brain damage
Kwashiorkor: lack of protein/essential amino acids; REVERSIBLE WITH FOOD (proteins especially)
What do the newest food labels have that were not present in previous versions of food labels?
1) serving size and calories is now larger and bold
2) Daily values are updated
3) Added sugars (processed differently than natural sugars), vitamin D, and potassium are now included
How does RDA (recommended dietary allowances) differ for energy requirements vs nutrient requirements?
RDA for energy is based on someone’s BMR and the amount of physical activity that they do. On the gaussian plot for energy RDA, the median (average value) is set so that half the population’s requirements will fall below and half above them.
For nutrient RDA, the value for this is set to the maximum value so that everyone meets essential nutrient requirements such that they do not develop diseases that are associated with a lack of essential proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
How many calories, on average, do both males and females require (from age 20-40) a day?
Males require ~2700 kcal/day and females require ~2000 kcal/day.
This is based on relatively healthy, normal sized, and slightly active individuals.
How often do the 10 essential amino acids need to be consumed? What does “better protein” mean?
EAT EVERYDAY. PVT TIM HaLL is better because they supply a much higher percent of essential amino acids than other sources do.
What two essential amino acids are required for children’s optimal growth?
Histidine and Arginine
What are recommended dietary allowances and how are they determined?
RDA is determined through a long table of suggestions for dietary intake for all the different populations and answers the question of what should I eat and how much of it is healthy.
What are the differences between macro and micro minerals? Give an example of each and the function.
Macro minerals are minerals that we need more of. Sodium+ is an extracellular cation, important for action potentials.
Micro minerals are minerals that we need less of. Iodine is an important one, enabling the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine. Without it, you can develop goiter.
Why do males have higher BMRs than females (on average)? What factors affect BMR?
Females tend to be smaller than males.
Males have testosterone, but when it starts to decline, so will the BMR.
Other factors that affect BMR can be age, growth, height, and hormones.
What does protein quality dictate? What forms of proteins are best for humans? How is protein quality measured?
Protein quality is how effectively a protein is able to supply all the essential amino acids. Animal proteins are usually better than plant protein.
It’s measured through the biological value calculation, which is the ratio of nitrogen being retained in the body vs the nitrogen that is absorbed through the intestines.
What factors affect energy use?
1) BMR: being asleep vs awake. If you sleep all day, you use less energy vs if you are awake and active.
2) Stress: more stress impacts metabolism but eustress can help us function better
3) Sickness: increase in body temperature (fever) can increase metabolism
4) Exercise: working out uses energy and increase of food to replenish the energy
5) Hypertension (high blood pressure) can increase metabolic needs
What is another method used in BMR calculations? How?
O2 consumed vs CO2 expelled
Cellular respiration! You produce CO2 and take in O2.
What is energy RDA?
average energy needs for physically active people of various age groups
Who established the food pyramids?
The US Department of Agriculture
Why do you need to obtain unsaturated/essential fatty acids from your diet?
The essential fatty acids (linolenic, linoleic, γ-linolenic, and arachidonic acid, for example) can’t be produced from our body, meaning we HAVE TO eat them.
Why should you take a multivitamin?
Obtaining your non-energy yielding nutrients are essential for your enzymes to work properly.
