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BMS100 Neuroanatomy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the systems in charge of maintaining homeostasis?

A

nervous system and endocrine system

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2
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for?

A

behaviours
memories
movements

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3
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of the nervous system?

A
  • sensing changes w/ sensory receptors
  • interpreting and remembering those changes
  • reacting to those changes w/ effectors
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4
Q

What does the nervous system use to react w/ changes w/ effectors?

A

Muscular contractions
Glandular secretions

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5
Q

What output is the nervous system always going to put out?

A

motor

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6
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A
  • 12 cranial nerves
  • 31 spinal nerves
  • enteric plexuses in small intestine
  • sensory receptors in skin
    (ganglia & nerve plexuses)
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7
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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8
Q

What are the pathways called that travel into the CNS?

A

afferent - sensory

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9
Q

What are the pathways that travel out of the CNS?

A

efferent - motor

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10
Q

Where does the constant feedback loop of the nervous system begin and end?

A

in the PNS

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11
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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12
Q

What does the afferent or sensory division transmit?

A

impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS

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13
Q

What does the efferent division transmit?

A

impulses from CNS to peripheral organs to cause an effect or action

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14
Q

What are the divisions of the efferent/motor division?

A

somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

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15
Q

What is the role of the Somatic nervous system ?

A

supply motor impulses to the skeletal muscles - voluntary control

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16
Q

What is the role of the Autonomic NS?

A

supplies motor impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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17
Q

What is another name for the ANS?

A

visceral motor

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18
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions

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19
Q

What division governs the function of the GI tract?

A

enteric nervous system

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20
Q

what are the divisions of the Peripheral NS?

A

afferent (sensory)
efferent (motor)

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21
Q

What are the 3 sensory sense divisions?

A

somatic
special
visceral

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22
Q

What are somatic senses?

A

general sensation (ex., touch, temperature, tickle, itch, pressure, pain, proprioception, vibration)

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23
Q

What are the special senses?

A

sight, smell, taste, hearing, balance

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24
Q

What are the visceral senses?

A

pain, stretch of organ wall, blood pressure, pH of fluids within lumen, osmolarity of fluids

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25
Q

What senses are you not aware of?

A

visceral

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26
Q

What is somatic motor?

A

voluntary control of skeletal muscle (either ON or OFF: contracting or not)

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27
Q

What is autonomic motor?

A

involuntary control of smooth & cardiac muscle

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28
Q

Any muscle innervated by autonomic motor signal will either be sympathetic mode or parasympathetic mode, which means?

A

they will never be OFF

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29
Q

What are the major divisions of the brain?

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brainstem

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30
Q

What are the components if the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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31
Q

What higher mental activities is the CNS involved in?

A

learning, memory, and reasoning

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32
Q

What does the CNS process?

A

incoming sensory and outgoing motor messages

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33
Q

What is gray matter comprised of?

A

nerve cell bodies
bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibres
non-neuronal supportive cells, the glial cells orneuroglia

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34
Q

What comprises the white matter?

A

bundles of myelinated nerve fibres known as tracts or fasciculi(singular, fasciculus)

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35
Q

The nervous tissue in the CNS is organized as?

A

gray and white matter

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36
Q

the gray matter forms an H-shaped inner core surrounded by white matter in which anatomical structure?

A

spinal cord

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37
Q

a thin outer shell of gray matter, thecortex, covers the core of the white matter in which anatomical structure?

A

brain

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38
Q

A cluster of nerve cell bodies embedded within the CNS is called a?

A

nucleus

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39
Q

aggregation of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS is called?

A

ganglion

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40
Q

When is the primitive brain in place?

A

by week 3

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41
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles?

A

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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42
Q

What are the divisions of the prosencephalon ?

A

telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus)

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43
Q

What are the divisions of the rhombencephalon?

A

metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)
myelencephalon (medulla)

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44
Q

What is matter made up of?

A

neurons

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45
Q

What are components of neurons?

A

dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminal

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46
Q

Where do signals synapse?

A

in gray matter

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47
Q

Where do signals travel?

A

in white matter

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48
Q

What are the 2 cells of nervous tissue?

A

neuroglia
neurons

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49
Q

Which cell supports cells of the nervous system?

A

neuroglia

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50
Q

Which cells nourish and clean up after neurons?

A

neuroglia

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51
Q

T/F: Neuroglia send signals throughout the body, and neurons help them send these signals

A

False, vice versa

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52
Q

Where are neuroglia found?

A

primarily in gray matter

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53
Q

Where does synapsing occur between cells?

A

gray matter

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54
Q

Where can you find gray matter?

A

cerebral cortex
cortical nuceli/diencephalon
grey horns of spinal cord

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55
Q

where does information processing/passing of signals occur?

A

gray matter

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56
Q

where do signals travel from one location to another within the CNS?

A

white matter

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57
Q

Where can you find white matter?

A
  • any are we find axons

cerebral tracts (corpus callosum)
white columns of spinal cord
spinal pathways
peripheral nerves

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58
Q

What is nucleus?

A

gray matter in CNS

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59
Q

What is ganglion?

A

gray matter in PNS

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60
Q

What is white matter in CNS called?

A

tracts and/or fasciculus

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61
Q

What is white matter outside of CNS called?

A

nerve

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62
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of?

A

outer cerebral cortex
internal region of cerebral white matter
nuclei deep within white matter

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63
Q

What comprisesleftandright cerebral hemisphereswithin the anterior and middle cranial fossae?

A

cerebrum

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64
Q

What separates the two hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

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65
Q

What are the 4 main lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

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66
Q

What is the small hidden portion deep to the lateral sulcus in the cerebral hemisphere?

A

insula (insular lobe, insular cortex)

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67
Q

What is the primary role of the frontal lobe?

A

motor impulses

cognition, control of voluntary movement, motor production of speech (expressive language)
Special Sensation: Smell

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68
Q

What is the primary role of the parietal lobe?

A

recieve general sensory stimuli

processes sensory information
General sensations: pain, pressure, temperature, touch, tickle, and vibration
Special Sensations: taste

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69
Q

What is the primary role of the temporal lobe?

A

processes memories
Special Sensation: auditory information

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70
Q

What is the primary role of the occipital lobe?

A

primarily responsible for processing visual sensation (special sensation)

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71
Q

What is the primary role of the insula?

A

taste impulses

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72
Q

What are the folds/bumps in the cerebral hemisphere called?

A

gyri

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73
Q

What are the furrows/indentations in the cerebral hemisphere called?

A

sulci

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74
Q

What are the 3 main sulci in each cerebal hemisphere?

A

central sulcus
lateral sulcus
parieto-occipital sulcus

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75
Q

What does the central sulcus separate?

A

frontal lobe from parietal lobe

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76
Q

Where is the lateral sulcus, what does it separate?

A

superior boundary of temporal lobe
separates it from frontal & parietal lobes

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77
Q

What does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate?

A

parietal lobe from occipital lobe

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78
Q

What is the outermost layer of the brain?

A

cerebral cortex

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79
Q

What is associated with high level processing and functioning?

A

cerebral cortex

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80
Q

What is the cerebral cortex divided into?

A

right & left hemispheres

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81
Q

What is a fissure?

A

deep sulcus

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82
Q

What fissure divides cerebral cortex hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

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83
Q

What are the clusters of nuclei within white matter called?

A

basal ganglia (nuclei)

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84
Q

What forms the cerebral cortex?

A

gray matter

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85
Q

What are the main components of basal ganglia?

A

caudate and lenticular (putamen and globus pallidus) nuclei

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86
Q

What are caudate and lenticular (putamen and globus pallidus) nuclei involved in?

A

coordination of motor function

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87
Q

T/F: Gray matter is located deep in the cortex

A

False, white matter

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88
Q

What are the 3 groups of nerve bundles in the white matter of the cerebrum?

A

association
comissural
projectional

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89
Q

What do association fibres join?

A

different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere

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90
Q

What do commissural fibres connect?

A

different gyri of one hemisphere to the corresponding gyri of the other hemisphere

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91
Q

What is the most extensive commissural fibre bundle located at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure?

A

corpus callosum

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92
Q

What do projectional fibres include?

A

ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fibres connecting the cortex to the lower centers of the CNS

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93
Q

What type of fibre is the internal capsule?

A

projectional fibres

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94
Q

What is the thick band of white matter between caudate nucleus and putamen (two of the nuclei of the basal ganglia) anteriorly, thalamus and globus pallidus (one of the basal ganglia) posteriorly?

A

internal capsule

95
Q

What is the role of basal ganglia?

A

ensuring coordinated meaningful movement
helps sift out signals that are useless

96
Q

What are the 3 major areas in each cerebral hemisphere?

A

primary sensory areas
primary motor area
association areas (sensory and motor)

97
Q

What are in each cerebral hemisphere exhibits characteristic receptor selectivity, which means that only a specific type of stimulus can stimulate the receptor to produce its receptor potential?

A

primary sensory areas

98
Q

From the receptor in we follow a course of peripheral nerve (either cranial or spinal), which will convey the impulse into?

A

appropriate pathway (tract)

99
Q

What do pathways generally tend to make synapses in with relation to primary senses?

A

thalamic nuclei

100
Q

The thalamus only gets a crude perception of the signal received, it can’t determine the exact location or shape; therefore?

A

must forward the incoming signals toward the appropriate cortical area of the cerebrum

101
Q

Where does final analysis and interpretation happen in primary sensory areas?

A

cerebral cortex

102
Q

What are visual pathway signals perceived as in the cerebral cortex?

A

images

103
Q

What are auditory pathway signals perceived as in the cerebral cortex?

A

sounds or words

104
Q

T/F: In the cerebral cortex any tactile sensation would be interpreted fully

A

True

105
Q

What do primary sensory areas respond to?

A

sensory signals

106
Q

What does the primary motor area do?

A

generates outgoing motor signals

107
Q

What do association areas do?

A

integrate sensory and motor

108
Q

From the receptor –> A course of peripheral nerve (either cranial or spinal) –> A pathway (Tract) –> Thalamus (crude sensation –> Appropriate cortical area for the perception of the sense

A

primary sensory areas

109
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory area located?

A

postcentral gyrus

110
Q

Where is the postcentral gyrus located?

A

over medial and lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere

111
Q

Human-like creature illustrates different parts of the human body having different spatial presentations on the cortex

A

homunculus - cortical mapping

112
Q

Where is the primary visual area located?

A

in occipital lobe

113
Q

Where is the primary auditory area located?

A

upper portion of temporal lobe

114
Q

Where is the primary gustatory (taste) area located?

A

in insula (insular lobe)

115
Q

Where is the primary olfactory area located?

A

medial aspect of temporal lobe

116
Q

How is the primary somatosensory area divided?

A

based on concentration of sensory receptors

117
Q

T/F: Primary somatosensory area on right recieves all sensory info from left side

A

true

118
Q

What area controls (creates impulses) that travel along the corticospinal tract (pathway) and feed spinal nerves, or the corticobulbar tract (pathway), providing stimuli to the nuclei of cranial nerves?

A

primary motor

119
Q

Where do the primary motor pathways start?

A

from the pyramidal cells in the precentral gyrus located in the frontal lobe (the corticospinal tract is also called the pyramidal tract because of its origin form the pyramidal cells).

120
Q

What are the largest areas of the homunculus on the precentral gyrus devoted to?

A

motor signals for the muscles of hands, muscles of facial expression and muscles that functionally belong to the vocal apparatus (the areas that initiate fine movements)

121
Q

What does injury to the precentral gyrus of the left side result in?

A

motor paralysis of the contralateral (ride) side of the body

122
Q

Where is the precentral gyrus?

A

over medial and later cerebral surfaces

123
Q

What does the part of the precentral gyrus that extends itself to the medial surface produce?

A

motor signals for muscles of the leg and foot

124
Q

What supplies the part of the precentral gyrus that extends itself to the medial surface?

A

anterior cerebral artery

125
Q

What would an isolated cerebrovascular accident of the part of the precentral gyrus that extends itself to the medial surface produce?

A

motor weakness of the leg and foot muscles

126
Q

What does the area of the precentral gyrus located on the lateral surface produce?

A

motor signals for the rest of the body

127
Q

What is the precentral gyrus located infront of?

A

central sulcus

128
Q

Involved in conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements

A

primary motor area

129
Q

Where does the primary motor area receive input from?

A

premotor area & supplementary motor areas
sensory cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum

130
Q

Motor control to different parts of the body comes from the appropriate part of the primary motor area as outlined by the?

A

homunculus

131
Q

Where is the premotor area located in?

A

frontal lobe in front of precentral gyrus

132
Q

serves as a space where the patterns of movement are stored

A

premotor area

133
Q

Learned and several times performed movement is stored as an algorithm into this gyrus

A

premotor area

134
Q

Where is algorithm that was previously learned and mastered imported to from the premotor area?

A

precentral (primary motor) gyrus

135
Q

Where is the frontal eye field?

A

in front of premotor area of front lobe

136
Q

What controls the voluntary, synchronized movement of eyeballs?

A

frontal eye field

137
Q

Left-sided center of the frontal eye field forces both eyes to move to the __, and the right-sided center moves them to the __

A

right; left

138
Q

What happens if one of the two frontal eye fields is injured?

A

the other side center dominates and forces eyes to “look into the side of injury.”

139
Q

Where is the Broca’s area located?

A

inferior to frontal gyrus of frontal lobe, just anterior to inferior part of precentral gyrus

140
Q

Which side is Broca’s area almost always on?

A

left side

141
Q

What is the Broca’s area responsible for?

A

generating motor signals for the vocal apparatus

142
Q

What occurs when there is an injury in the Broca’s area?

A

Broca or motor aphasia, where the patient understands the speech but cannot speak

143
Q

Where is Wernicke area located?

A

around the posterior end of the lateral sulcus (loops around the end of the sulcus) in the left temporoparietal junction

144
Q

What is Wernicke area critical for?

A

understanding of language

145
Q

What would damage to Wernicke’s area cause?

A

receptive/sensory/ Wernicke’s aphasia
- empty, fluent speech and a loss of speech comprehension

146
Q

What connects Broca’s and Wenicke’s area?

A

arcuate fasciculus

147
Q

What is damage to the arcuate fasciculus cause?

A

conduction aphasia
- Can comprehend and articulate
- Difficulty repeating heard speech

148
Q

Where are the association areas located?

A

adjacent to the primary areas

149
Q

What connects the primary areas to the association areas?

A

association fibres

150
Q

What do association areas enable?

A

enable sharing of different signals by an entire cerebral hemisphere to create a comprehensive perception of objects or things that surround us or come into contact with the surface of our bodies

151
Q

Where is the somatosensory association area located?

A

behind primary somatosensory area in parietal lobe

152
Q

What is the somatosensory association area responsible for?

A

integrates and interprets general sensations, such as shape, texture, and weight
compares objects by their shapes and interprets the position of body parts relative to the rest of the body
stores that information in long-term memory

153
Q

What does a lesion in the somatosensory association area result in?

A

astereognosis (astereognosia) or the inability to recognize an object placed in the hand

154
Q

Where is the visual association area?

A

surrounds the primary visual area in the occipital lobe

155
Q

What is the visual association area responsible for?

A

meaning and interpretation to what we see

156
Q

Where is the auditory association area located?

A

adjacent to the primary auditory area on the lateral surface of the superior temporal gyrus

157
Q

What is the auditory association area responsible for?

A

enables us to interpret the sounds we hear and give them meaning

158
Q

Where is the common integrative area located?

A

among the sensory, visual, and auditory association areas

159
Q

What is the common integrative area responsible for?

A

integrates signals it receives from primary areas –> redirects those signals into other parts of the brain, where it generally creates thoughts and ideas that we understand and then voluntarily look for the most appropriate responses

160
Q

Receives somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on right side of body + spoken & written language - Right or left hemisphere functions?

A

left

161
Q

Recieves somatic sensory signals from and controls muscles on left side of body - right or left hemisphere function?

A

right

162
Q

Where is the diencephalon located?

A

between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain

163
Q

What does the diencephalon include?

A

thalami and all other structures surrounding the third ventricle, such as the hypothalamus and epithalamus

164
Q

What do the lateral walls of the diencephalon form?

A

epithalamus superiorly
thalamus centrally
subthalamus & hypothalamus inferiorly

165
Q

What does the thalamus consist of?

A

group of nuclei - mostly sensory

166
Q

What does the thalamus play a crucial role in?

A

many brain functions, serving as a processing and distribution centre, relaying and regulating information from the outside world and the internal milieu to the cerebral cortex and sustaining cortico-thalamo-cortical communication

167
Q

What activities does the thalamus involve?

A

consciousness
sleep
attention
memory
sensory & motor functions

168
Q

Where does the thalamus relay all senses (except smell) to?

A

certain sensory areas of the cerebral hemisphere

169
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

inferior and medial to thalamus

170
Q

What does the hypothalamus function as?

A

center of the autonomic nervous system

171
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

emotion
body temperature
eating
drinking etc.

172
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

the function of the major components of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland

173
Q

Where is the epithalamus located?

A

posterior and superior to thalamus

174
Q

What does the epithalamus consist of?

A

pineal gland

175
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

regulates the circadian rhythm and distribution of pigment melanin in the skin

176
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

A

contained within the posterior cranial fossa, underneath the tentorium cerebelli, behind the medulla and pons from which is separated by the fourth ventricle

177
Q

What connects the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

vermis (worm-like structure)

178
Q

What joins the cerebellum with the brainstem?

A

cerebellar peduncles: 3 bilaterally paired major fibre tracts

179
Q

What is the function of the superior cerebellar peduncles?

A

carry axons that connect the cerebellum to the red nucleus of midbrain & thalamus

180
Q

What is the function of the middle cerebellar peduncles?

A

connect pontine nuclei of the pons to the cerebellum

181
Q

What is the function of the inferior cerebellar peduncles?

A

carry bundles of axons travelling b/w medulla and cerebellum, such as spinocerebellar tracts

182
Q

What does the gray matter form in the cerebellum?

A

cerebellar cortex

183
Q

What is located in the white matter of the cerebellum?

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

184
Q

What are the deep cerebellar nuclei in the cerebellum?

A

fastigial, globose & emboliform (interposed), and dentate

185
Q

What are the folds of the cerebellar cortex on the surface of the cerebellum called?

A

folia

186
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination of voluntary movements and maintaining posture and balance

187
Q

T/F: Brainstem is made up of only white matter

A

False, white and gray

188
Q

What is the brainstem composed of?

A

medulla oblongata (inferior)
pons
midbrain (superior)

189
Q

What are the major functions of the brainstem?

A
  1. It acts as a passageway for all ascending and descending tracts between the cerebrum and spinal cord - some paths may synapse there
  2. It contains the nuclei of the cranial nerves III to XII.
  3. It regulates the automatic behaviours required for survival, such as respiration.
190
Q

What does the midbrain connect?

A

pons inferiorly and the diencephalon superiorly

191
Q

Where does CN III emerge from?

A

cerebral peduncles

192
Q

The anterior aspect of the midbrain presents two columns, what are they?

A

cerebral peduncles

193
Q

What do the cerebral peduncles contain?

A

descending tracts: corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts (crus cerebri)

194
Q

On the posterior aspect of the midbrain, there are four elevations known as?

A

superior and inferior colliculi (singular, colliculus)

195
Q

What is the function of the nuclei deep in the colliculi of the midbrain?

A

relay center for the visual and auditory reflexes, respectively

196
Q

What are the ascending tracts of the midbrain composed of?

A

white matter

197
Q

Where are the ascending tracts of the midbrain?

A

behind crus cerebri

198
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the nuclei embedded within the white matter of the midbrain?

A

CN III, IV, V

199
Q

What is the red nucleus in white matter of midbrain associated with?

A

rubrospinal tract as part of the extrapyramidal pathways

200
Q

What is the substantia nigra in white matter of midbrain associated with?

A

linked to the basal ganglia regulating voluntary movements

201
Q

In the transverse section of the midbrain, the internal structures can be divided into three main areas (relative to the cerebral aqueduct that connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle), what are they?

A

tectum - behind cerebral aqueduct
tegmentum - from cerebral aqueduct to substantia nigra
cerebral penduncle

202
Q

Where is the Periaqueductal Gray Matter (PAG)?

A

around the cerebral aqueduct

203
Q

What is the Periaqueductal Gray Matter (PAG) a site of?

A

production of natural painkillers (endorphins and enkephalins)

204
Q

Where is the pons?

A

cerebellum (posteriorly), medulla oblongata (inferiorly), and midbrain (superiorly)

205
Q

What does the convex anterior surface of the pons carry?

A

longitudinal sulcus: the basilar sulcus (occupied by the basilar artery)

206
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from ponto-medullary sulcus?

A

CN VI, VII, and VIII

207
Q

What cranial nerve appears at anteriolateral surface of pons?

A

CN V

208
Q

What is the white matter of the pons formed by?

A

ascending & descending tracts

209
Q

What is the gray matter in the pons organized as?

A

nuclei embedded in the white matter

210
Q

Some of the nuclei in the gray matter of the pons is related to which CN’s?

A

CN V, VI, VII, and VIII

211
Q

Where are pontine nuclei?

A

gray matter of pons

212
Q

What is the function of the pontine nuclei in the pons?

A

a relay center for motor pathways between the cerebrum and cerebellum to coordinate voluntary movements

213
Q

What are the two nuclei within the pons that add more control to the respiration?

A

pneumotaxic and apneustic area

214
Q

what separates the medulla oblongata from the pons?

A

transverse sulcus: ponto-medullary sulcus

215
Q

Viewing the medulla oblongata anteriorly, there is an elevation, the pyramid,on either side of the?

A

median anterior fissure formed by the pyramidal tracts

216
Q

Lateral to the pyramid on the medulla oblongata is a second elevation, theolive, that overlies?

A

the inferior olivary nucleus

217
Q

What cranial nerves emerge from the anterolateral surface of the medulla oblongata?

A

CN IX, X, XI, XII

218
Q

What is at the junction of medulla and spinal cord?

A

decussation of pyramids that deep to that the corticospinal tracts cross each other

219
Q

What is the medulla composed of?

A

gray and white matter

220
Q

In the superior half of the medulla, how it the gray matter embedded?

A

within white matter as clusters of nuclei

221
Q

What cranial nerves are the nuclei in the superior half of the medulla associated with?

A

CN V, VIII, IX, X, XI, & XII

222
Q

What are the major nuclei in the medulla?

A

inferior olivary nucleus
nucleus gracilis
nucleus cuneatus

223
Q

What is the function of the inferior olivary nucleus?

A

relay center for proprioceptive information to the cerebellum

224
Q

What is the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus associated with?

A

posterior column - medial lemniscus pathway

225
Q

What are the major functional areas in the medulla?

A

cardiovascular center
respiratory center (medullary rhythmicity area)
centers that control vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

226
Q

The reticular formation is not an individual section of the brain but an?

A

integral part of the brain stem

227
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

collection of nuclei running vertically throughout the brainstem in three columns (the median, medial, and lateral columns)

228
Q

What is the functions of the reticular formation?

A

control of skeletal muscle, pain modulation, control of autonomic and endocrine systems, circadian rhythms, and consciousness - re-establish homeostasis

229
Q

How does the reticular formation prevent sensory overload as it receives an enormous number of sensory signals?

A

filter out up to 99% of all incoming sensory signals, preventing them from being consciously perceived

230
Q

Some neurons that fire their impulses into the cerebral cortex create the?

A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

231
Q

What does the RAS do?

A

It responds to some stimuli, potentially disrupting a relatively constant flow and unchanged level of intensity of incoming signals

232
Q

the __ __ is involved in regulating our circadian rhythm (internal clock) and sleep-wake cycle, plus it makes its input to the spinal cord (reticulospinal pathway).

A

reticular formation

233
Q

What system do general anesthetics work to suppress?

A

RAS

BMS100 Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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