Lecture 2

Question 1

What are the 3 membranes of connective tissue collectively known as?

Answer 1

meninges

Question 2

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue that surround the CNS (from outside to inside)?

Answer 2

• dura mater
• arachnoid matter
• pia matter

Question 3

Thick layer of dense connective tissue that attaches to the inner surface of the neurocranium in the skull

Answer 3

dura mater

Question 4

What separates the the dura mater from the walls of the vertebral canal?

Answer 4

epidural space

Question 5

What are the 3 layers of protection of the CNS?

Answer 5

• bone
• connective tissue
• fluid (CSF)

Question 6

When is the epidural space present in the brain?

Answer 6

during signs of pathology (ex., direct skull trauma)

Question 7

What are the two layers of dura that make up the dura mater?

Answer 7

• outer periosteal layer
• inner meningeal layer

Question 8

What layer of dura is attached to the inner surface of the cranial cavities?

Answer 8

periosteal layer

Question 9

What is the space called between the dura mater & arachnoid mater?

Answer 9

subdural space

Question 10

When is subdural space present?

Answer 10

only during pathology

Question 11

What is between the arachnoid mater & pia mater?

Answer 11

subarachnoid space

Question 12

In which space do you find CSF?

Answer 12

subarachnoid space

Question 13

At certain locations the meningeal layer separates itself from the periosteal layer and folds inwards creating what?

Answer 13

dural folds/reflections

Question 14

What are the main things that drain the venous blood of brain to the circulatory system?

Answer 14

dural sinuses

Question 15

Which fold divides the two hemispheres of cerebrum?

Answer 15

falx cerebri

Question 16

What divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

Answer 16

tentorium cerebelli

Question 17

What divides the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum?

Answer 17

falx cerebelli

Question 18

Pair of sinuses located in middle cranial fossa on either side of the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone & collect venous blood of orbital cavity contents (mouth, face, nose, eye)

Answer 18

Cavernous sinuses

Question 19

Where are the inferior & superior sagittal sinuses located?

Answer 19

within superior & inferior margins of falx cerebri

Question 20

What does the superior sagittal sinus receive cranial blood from?

Answer 20

superior aspects of brain

Question 21

What does the inferior sagittal sinus receive blood from?

Answer 21

deep within & around diencephalon

Question 22

What sinus receives blood from the inferior sagittal sinus?

Answer 22

straight sinus

Question 23

Which sinuses receive blood from the superior sagittal & straight sinus?

Answer 23

confluence sinuse

Question 24

Where are the transverse sinuses located?

Answer 24

posterior margin of tentorium cerebelli

Question 25

What receives blood from the confluence sinus?

Answer 25

transverse sinuses

Question 26

What receives blood from the transverse sinus?

Answer 26

sigmoid sinuses

Question 27

Where are the sigmoid sinuses located?

Answer 27

groove on interior surface of mastoid process of temporal bones

Question 28

What does the sigmoid sinuses drain into?

Answer 28

internal jugular vein

Question 29

Smaller protrusions of arachnoid through dura mater

Answer 29

arachnoid villus/granulations

Question 30

What does the arachnoid granulations allow for?

Answer 30

draining of CSF so it can enter venous circulation

Question 31

When does subarachnoid space end?

Answer 31

vertebra S2

Question 32

Which layer of meninge is adhered to neural tissue?

Answer 32

pia mater

Question 33

Which layer of meninge of the brain carried blood vessels?

Answer 33

pia mater

Question 34

What are the 2 differences between the meninges of the spinal cord and the meninges of the brain?

Answer 34

- epidural space is present - dura mater only has one layer

Question 35

What is the one layer of dura mater in the spinal cord?

Answer 35

meningeal layer

Question 36

What is the dura sac made of?

Answer 36

dura & arachnoid mater

Question 37

Where does the dural sac attach to?

Answer 37

- Foramen magnum - C1-C2 - Level of S2

Question 38

Enlargement of subarachnoid space b/w conus medullaris (~L2) & end of dural sac (~S2) due to end of spinal cord

Answer 38

Lumbar cistern

Question 39

In which area of the spinal cord is the spinal tap (lumbar puncture) done?

Answer 39

lumbar cistern

Question 40

Thickenings of pia mater suspending spinal cord in middle of its dural sheath

Answer 40

denticulate ligaments

Question 41

Where are the denticulate ligaments positioned?

Answer 41

b/w each spinal nerve root

Question 42

Extension of pia mater that anchors conus medullaris & dural sac to coccyx

Answer 42

Filum terminale

Question 43

Conus medullaris

Answer 43

End of spinal cord - L1/2 in adults - L4 in children

Question 44

Cauda equina

Answer 44

Remaining spinal nerves (continue after cord has ended)

Question 45

What are 4 components of the ventricular system of the CNS?

Answer 45

- 2 lateral ventricles - 3rd ventricle - cerebral aqueduct - 4th ventricle

Question 46

How are the lateral ventricles connected to the 3rd ventricle?

Answer 46

interventricular foramen

Question 47

What connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?

Answer 47

cerebral aqueduct

Question 48

Where is the cerebral aqueduct located?

Answer 48

through midbrain b/w 3rd & 4th ventricle

Question 49

T/F: 2 lateral ventricles are found in all 4 lobes of brain

Answer 49

true

Question 50

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

Answer 50

b/w thalamic nuclei (diencephalon)

Question 51

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

Answer 51

b/w pons & cerebellum

Question 52

What is the 4th ventricle connected to inferiorlt?

Answer 52

central canal

Question 53

What are the foramen that connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

Answer 53

- 2 lateral apertures - 1 median aperture

Question 54

Specialized arterial plexuses located within the ventricular spaces & produce CSF from arterial blood

Answer 54

choroid plexuses

Question 55

What are the 2 primary blood supply systems?

Answer 55

- carotid system - vertebra-basilar system

Question 56

What are the 3 branches of the carotid system (internal carotid artery)?

Answer 56

- middle cerebral artery - anterior cerebral artery - anterior communicating artery

Question 57

Which arteries make up the circle of willis?

Answer 57

- anterior cerebral artery - anterior communicating artery - internal carotid artery - posterior communicating artery - posterior cerebral artery

Question 58

What are the branches of the vertebra-basilar system?

Answer 58

- vertebral arteries - basilar artery - posterior cerebral artery - posterior communicating arteries - posterior anterior inferior cerebellar artery - superior cerebellar

Question 59

Which artery of the vertebra-basilar system would cause occipital lobe-cortical blindness if damaged?

Answer 59

posterior cerebral artery

Question 60

Which artery of the vertebra-basilar system is most likely at risk for injury?

Answer 60

posterior anterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

Question 61

Which arteries of the vertebra-basilar system cover the brainstem?

Answer 61

- posterior anterior infereior cerebellar artery - superior cerebellar

Question 62

T/F: Single anterior spinal artery is able to supply/do more than the 2 posterior spinal arteries

Answer 62

True

Question 63

The anterior and posterior spinal arteries receive supplemented blood from which arteries?

Answer 63

- intercostal artery (at thoracic level) - lumbar artery (at lumbar level)

Question 64

Which arteries supply 1/3 of the spinal cord?

Answer 64

posterior spinal arteries

Question 65

Which artery supplies 2/3 of the spinal cord?

Answer 65

anterior spinal artery