Lecture 1

Question 1

is the study of the life cycle, morphology, pathogenicity, transmission, epidemiology, and control of parasites.

Answer 1

P A R A S I T O L O G Y

Question 2

are organisms that benefit to the detriment of others.

Answer 2

Parasites

Question 3

There is a reciprocal advantage derived from the union.

Answer 3

Mutualism

Question 4

One symbiont benefits while the other suffers no harm.

Answer 4

Commensalism

Question 5

One symbiont receives advantage to the detriment of others.

Answer 5

Parasitism

Question 6

*TYPE OF PARASITES

Parasites that briefly visit their hosts to obtain nourishment but not dependent upon them for either nourishment or shelter.

Answer 6

Optional Occasional

Question 7

*TYPE OF PARASITES

Parasites that do not permanently live on a host but depend upon them for nourishment and temporary shelter.

Answer 7

Obligate Occasional

Question 8

*TYPE OF PARASITES

Parasitism is limited to a stage or stages in their life cycle. During this time, parasitism is obligate or continuous.

Answer 8

Determinate Transitory

Question 9

*TYPE OF PARASITES

Could exist either a free living organism or as a parasite.

Answer 9

Facultative

Question 10

*TYPE OF PARASITES

Parasitism extends from time of hatching of eggs on the host to the time they become adults and lay eggs on the host.

Answer 10

Permanent

Question 11

*TYPE OF PARASITES

Parasites that cannot pass spontaneously from one host to another as they usually require longer period to develop.

Answer 11

Fixed

Question 12

*TYPE OF PARASITES

Those that require only one host to complete their life cycles.

Answer 12

Monoxenous

Question 13

*TYPE OF PARASITES

Those that require more than one host to complete their life cycle.

Answer 13

Heteroxenous

Question 14

*TYPE OF PARASITES

Those that occur in organs far remote from their normal location.

Answer 14

Erratic

Question 15

*TYPE OF PARASITES

They parasitize on the surface of the body.

The condition produced by external parasites is called infestation.

Answer 15

Ectoparasites

Question 16

*TYPE OF PARASITES

These parasites are found in the alimentary canal, blood, muscle, and other tissues/organs inside the body of the host.

The condition caused by these parasites is called an infection.

Answer 16

Endoparasites

Question 17

*TYPE OF HOSTS

In cases where two or more hosts are required by the parasite to develop, the ____ host is the host where the parasite becomes sexually mature.

Answer 17

Primary / Definitive / Final

Question 18

*TYPE OF HOSTS

The other host in which the parasite undergoes juvenile or larval development. The host where asexual multiplication occurs.

Answer 18

Secondary / Intermediate

Question 19

*TYPE OF HOSTS

Final hosts that have the infection but does not show signs of being infected.

They serve as carriers of the organisms.

also, the parasites multiply but not enough to cause a disease.

Answer 19

Reservoir

Question 20

*TYPE OF HOSTS

Unnatural hosts in which parasites accidentally lodge and transmission is through ingestion of infected paratenic hosts.

Answer 20

Transport / Paratenic / Accidental

Question 21

It is the interval between exposure to a pathogen (parasite) and the first appearance of clinical symptoms.

This period can also be called the incubation period.

Answer 21

Prepatent Period

Question 22

This is the period where direct evidence of the parasite can be detected in the patient’s blood, feces, or secretions.

Answer 22

Patent Period

Question 23

Types of transmission (4)

Answer 23

Mechanical Transmission

Biological Transmission

Transovarian Transmission

Phoresy / Phoresis

Question 24

This Transmission can occur even to the offspring of the host? __

An example is ____, where even eggs and nymphs of ticks can also be infected.

Answer 24

Transovarian Transmission

babesiosis

Question 25

Transmission of smaller parasites by bigger parasites. An example of this is eggs of Dermatobia hominis (human botfly) transported by a female mosquito to a new host.

Answer 25

Phoresy / Phoresis

Question 26

In this type of transmission, there is no change in the form of the pathogen. No developmental changes also occur while the pathogen is inside the arthropod.

Answer 26

Mechanical Transmission

Question 27

Transmission where there is change in the physical characteristics of the parasite, and/or developmental changes occurring on the pathogen while within the arthropod.

Answer 27

Biological Transmission

Question 28

three types of Biological Transmission

Answer 28

Cyclo-propagative Cyclo-developmental Propagative

Question 29

arthron meaning

Answer 29

joint

Question 30

podos meaning

Answer 30

feet

Question 31

are animals whose body is divided into segments which bear jointed appendages ( legs, antennae, mouthparts, etc.).

Answer 31

Arthropods

Question 32

It is the study of arthropods and allied insects.

Answer 32

E n t o m o l o g y

Question 33

Classes under the Phylum Arthropoda (6)

Answer 33

Class Crustacea Class Arachnida Class Pentastomida Class Insecta Class Diplopoda Class Chilopoda

Question 34

*What class? Their main body segments are cephalothorax and abdomen. Their legs can be found on both the thoracic and abdominal segments. are mainly aquatic.

Answer 34

class crustacea

Question 35

*What class? Adults have 4 pairs of legs, with 2 pairs of mouthparts. They have no antennae or wings.

Answer 35

class arachnida

Question 36

*What class? Obligate parasites that usually live on the respiratory tracts of vertebrates. Adults do not have legs, but young ones do. They have 2 pairs of hooks near their mouths.

Answer 36

class pentastomida

Question 37

*What class? The largest class. Adults have 3 pairs of legs. Their body is usually divided into: head, thorax and abdomen.

Answer 37

class insecta

Question 38

*What class? They have elongated, cylindrical bodies with numerous segments. Each segment has two pairs of legs. They have a pair of antennae.

Answer 38

class diplopoda

Question 39

*What class? They have a long, narrow and dorsoventrally-flattened segmented bodies. Each segment has a pair of jointed legs. They also have a pair of antennae.

Answer 39

class chilopoda

Question 40

what are the 3 body divisions of insects

Answer 40

head, thorax, abdomen

Question 41

The insects's thorax and abdomen are also segmented. They have __ pairs pairs of legs attached to their thorax.

Answer 41

3 pairs

Question 42

Most insects have 2 pairs of wings attached to their ____ and ____ thoracic segments. Wings with hollow tubes produces ____. This helps in identifying species.

Answer 42

2nd and 3rd veins

Question 43

The surface layer of their body is called the ____. This layer is also called the exoskeleton. The exoskeleton is quite hard, this is due to the deposition of a substance called ____. Each segment of the insect's body is composed of areas or walls known as ____

Answer 43

integument or body wall chitin sclerites / exoskeletal plates.

Question 44

*Which sclerite ____ - Tergite / Tergum / Notum ____ - Pleurite / Pleuron ____ - Sternite / Sternum

Answer 44

Dorsal sclerite Lateral sclerite Ventral sclerite

Question 45

insect mouthpart For grinding, chewing, pinching, or crushing bits of solid food.

Answer 45

Mandibulate

Question 46

insect mouthpart For probing, sipping, piercing and sucking liquid / soft food.

Answer 46

Haustellate

Question 47

*Insect Circulatory System They have a single ____ which extends to the length of the body. Insect blood consists of fluid (serum or plasma), and WBCs which are usually colorless or ____ Compared to mammalian blood, insects do not have ____.

Answer 47

dorsal tube / heart greenish yellow hemoglobin

Question 48

*Insect Respiratory System Insects have no lungs, instead they breathe through a system of tubes ____. These extend to all parts of the body through smaller branches called ____. They have the same purpose with RBCs, bringing in fresh oxygen and carrying out carbon dioxide.

Answer 48

trachea tracheoles

Question 49

Tracheal tubes have an opening on each side of the thoracic and abdominal segments called the ____.

Answer 49

spiracles or stigmata

Question 50

*Insect Digestive System It is composed of: ____ - ingestion, passage, food disintegration. ____ - food storage and enzyme secretion. ____ - food absorption and fecal expulsion.

Answer 50

Foregut or stomodeum Midgut or mesenteron Hindgut or proctodeum

Question 51

Females Consists of ovaries, uterine tube, oviduct, vagina, and ovipositor. Most insects have ____ or storage sac for sperm.

Answer 51

spermatheca

Question 52

Consists of a pair of testes, vas deferens, accessory glands, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and a penis or ____.

Answer 52

aedeagus

Question 53

*Types of Development of Insects Direct / Incomplete Metamorphosis Young arthropods (nymphs) hatches from the egg and they resemble the adults save from size and few other features. Example: Lice and Bedbugs

Answer 53

Hemimetabolous Life Cycle

Question 54

*Types of Development of Insects Indirect / Complete Metamorphosis Arthropods undergo different forms and stages (instar) before developing into adults. Example: Mosquitoes and Flies Each stage of this life cycle is separated by molting or ecdysis. Young adults are called imago. It is the last stage an insect attains after its metamorphosis. It follows the final ecdysis of immature instars.

Answer 54

Holometabolous Life Cycle

Question 55

Types of Female Insects: ____ - lays undeveloped eggs. ____ - deposits fully developed larva. ____ - deposits pupa or larva which transforms into a pupa within a few hours. ____- can reproduce without a male.

Answer 55

Oviparous Viviparous / Larviparous Pupiparous Parthenogenetic

Question 56

Types of Larvae: ____ - their thoracic and abdominal segments have legs. ____ - no abdominal appendages, only 3 pairs of thoracic legs. ____ - no thoracic and abdominal legs. They are sometimes called maggots.

Answer 56

Polypod Oligapod Apodous

Question 57

Types of Pupae: ____ - the skin of the last larval stage is cast off and the pupa remains bare or uncovered. Wings and legs are free from the body of the pupa. ____ - the skin of the larval stage may be cut off but the legs and wings are bound to the body by molting fluids. ____ - the whole body is enclosed in the last larval skin.

Answer 57

Exarate / Free Obtectate Coarctate

Question 58

is the hardened skin enclosing the pupa.

Answer 58

Puparium

Question 59

Emergence from the coarctate type of pupa is affected by a special type of organ called the ____ situated on the head of the insect. It is a vesicular organ on the front of the head of insects that assists in rupturing the pupal case and shortly afterward shrinks away.

Answer 59

ptilinum