Lecture 2 (-slide 69)

Question 1

*Dipterous Insects

They have well developed anterior pair of wings. Their posterior pair is mostly rudimentary but is used by insects for ____. These small wings are called ____. Their wings are with veins and their metamorphosis is complete.

Answer 1

balance

halteres

Question 2

what are the 3 sub orders of the order diptera

Answer 2

Sub-order Nematocera

Sub-order Brachycera

Sub-order Cyclorrhapha

Question 3

what are the 4 family of sub order nematocera

Answer 3

family ceratopogonidae

family simuliidae

family psychodidae

family culicidae

Question 4

*Family Culicidae

Also called ____.

Their mouthparts form a long and slender ____. Only the females suck blood while the males live off of juices of fruits and nectars

Answer 4

mosquitoes

proboscis

Question 5

*Family Culicidae

The sex of mosquitoes can usually be identified by viewing its ____.

males have bushy or plumose females have pilose or sparsely-haired

Answer 5

antennae

Question 6

*Family Culicidae

Mosquito eggs are laid on the surface of the water or on floating plant matter.

*type of mosquito:
____ lay their eggs singly without lateral floats. Their eggs are resistant to desiccation.
____ lay their eggs in mass that looks like a floating raft made of eggs.
____ lay their eggs singly with lateral floats

Answer 6

Aedes

Culex

Anopheles

Question 7

*Family Culicidae

Some mosquito larvae have siphon tubes which aids in respiration.

____ and ____ have well developed siphon tubes.
____ larvae do not have siphon tubes

Answer 7

Aedes and Culex

Anopheles

Question 8

*Family Culicidae

When the larva becomes a pupa they will have a breathing trumpet

____ pupa have long and narrow breathing trumpets.

____ pupa have a short and broad breathing trumpet.

Answer 8

Aedes and Culex

Anopheles

Question 9

*Family Culicidae

Resting Position
____ adults rest in an acute angle to the surface.

Adults of ____ mosquitoes rest in a parallel position to the surface.

Answer 9

Anopheles

Aedes and Culex

Question 10

*Family Culicidae

Most insects also have maxillary palps, these are sensory structures.

____ have palps are as long as their proboscis.
____ have palps shorter than their proboscis.

Answer 10

Anopheles

Aedes and Culex

Question 11

*Family Culicidae

Life Cycle
Depending on the temperature, eggs can hatch within ____ hours into larvae or wrigglers. Larvae are aquatic, some can be algae eaters but some can be carnivores.

Answer 11

16 - 24 hours

Question 12

*Family Culicidae

Life Cycle
Each larva molts 4 times within __ days and then becomes a pupa or tumbler. The pupa does not feed, but breathes through a trumpet. After 2 - 3 days, an imago emerges from the pupa.

Answer 12

7 days

Question 13

*Family Culicidae

Life Cycle
24 hours after emerging, female mosquitoes will start to suck blood. Females will start to lay eggs in about a week. Males “sing” to attract females. They usually die after copulation. Mosquitoes can live for about____ days.

Answer 13

15 - 20 days

Question 14

*Family Culicidae
Feeding Habits

____ - nocturnal, active at night time or in the dark.
____ - diurnal, active at day time.
____ - crepuscular, active during twilight.

Answer 14

Culex

Aedes

Anopheles

Question 15

Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:

____ - a nematode that causes Elephantiasis / lymphatic filariasis

Answer 15

Wuchereria bancrofti

Question 16

Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:

____ - a nematode that causes Dirofilariasis / Heartworm disease

Answer 16

Dirofilaria immitis

Question 17

Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:

____ - protozoans that cause Avian Malaria.

Answer 17

Plasmodium juxtanucleare & P. galinaceum

Question 18

Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:

____ - protozoans that cause Human Malaria.

Answer 18

Plasmodium malariae, P. ovale, P. falciparum & P. vivax

Question 19

Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:

____ - infection of chickens and turkeys characterized by lesions in the skin that progress to thick scabs.

Answer 19

Fowl pox

Question 20

Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:

____ - a viral infection that rarely causes disease, but when it does: can lead to headache, fever, CNS problems and eventually death

Answer 20

Japanese Encephalitis

Question 21

Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:

____ - viral infection that can cause mild disease but can manifest as a severe, flu-like illness.

Answer 21

Dengue

Question 22

control of mosquitos (3)

Answer 22

physical means

chemical means

biological means

Question 23

*Family Ceratopogonidae

The ____, also called nosee-ums, or punkies. Common are from the Culicoides spp. They are tiny nocturnal gnats that inflict painful bites

Answer 23

biting midges

Question 24

*Family Ceratopogonidae

Their thorax is ____ over their head. They have ____ wings. Only females are blood suckers. They are typically weak fliers

Answer 24

Humped

Spotted oval wings

Question 25

*Family Ceratopogonidae Life Cycle Eggs are usually laid on damp, marshy ground near the bodies of water. White, aquatic larvae hatch within __ days. They will feed off of tiny aquatic nematodes.

Answer 25

2-7 days

Question 26

*Family Ceratopogonidae Life Cycle A larva will turn into a pupa after 4 larval stages within __ weeks on ideal conditions. The pupa will emerge into an imago within __ days.

Answer 26

2 weeks 2-3 days

Question 27

Pathogenic Effects of Biting Midges Their painful bites can cause intense irritation and annoyance. In large numbers, they can cause production animals to be nervous and interrupt their ____.

Answer 27

feeding patterns

Question 28

Pathogenic Effects of Biting Midges Animals often become ____ to the bites and can cause animals to bite, rub, or scratch those bitten areas and can cause alopecia, excoriation and thickening of the skin.

Answer 28

allergic

Question 29

Pathogenic Effects of Biting Midges causes ____ in Canada ____ in Australia ____ in Japan, as well as sweat / sweet itch

Answer 29

Culicoid Hypersensitivity Queensland Itch Kasen

Question 30

Pathogenic Effects of Biting Midges They can transmit: ____ - symptoms include edema of the muzzle, tongue, and coronary bands. ____ - infection usually associated with respiratory and circulatory impairment.

Answer 30

Bluetongue virus African Horse Sickness virus

Question 31

Pathogenic Effects of Biting Midges They serve as intermediate host of: ____ - a filarial parasite associated with fistulous withers, poll evil, dermatitis, and uveitis in horses. ____ - protozoan causing lethal hemorrhagic disease of chickens in southeast Asia.

Answer 31

Onchocerca cervicalis Leucocytozoon caulleryi

Question 32

Control of Midges ____ can be sprayed to stables and trailers to kill insects that touch them. Stabling the animals at night and rugging (blanketing) them decrease exposure to bites.

Answer 32

Permethrin

Question 33

Control of Midges Because Culicoides are poor flyers, an ____ may be used in the stable to create air movement around the animals

Answer 33

electric fan

Question 34

*Family Simuliidae Also called ____ or _____ (Simulium spp.). their colors vary from black to gray to yellow to olive. These flies are diurnal.

Answer 34

black flies or buffalo gnats

Question 35

*Family Simuliidae They are called buffalo gnats due to their ____ thorax. They are the smallest (1-6 mm) of the blood-feeding dipterans. Only the females are blood-feeders.

Answer 35

humped thorax

Question 36

*Family Simuliidae The ____ of males are contiguous above the antennae while the females’ are distinctly separated.

Answer 36

eyes

Question 37

*Family Simuliidae Life Cycle 200 - 500 eggs are laid on stones or plants in fast and running water that hatch from __ days. Larvae are found on fast flowing, well aerated streams as they require highly oxygenated water to survive.

Answer 37

4 - 30 days

Question 38

*Family Simuliidae Life Cycle A larva will molt 4-9 times in a span of ____ and then become a pupa. An imago emerges within 4-7 day

Answer 38

1-6 months

Question 39

*Family Simuliidae Life Cycle Adult female feeding activity usually lasts within __ weeks to__ months. Adults may travel fly 12–18 km to find hosts; migrating windborne swarms have been known to travel ≥250 km.

Answer 39

2 weeks to 3 months

Question 40

Pathogenic Effects of Black Flies They usually target the ears, neck, head, and abdomen of hosts and can cause redness, itching, and wheals at the bite site. The bites are associated with ____ and lesions that take weeks to heal, in particular on teats of cows.

Answer 40

petechial hemorrhage

Question 41

Pathogenic Effects of Black Flies Their ____ contains a toxin which increases capillary permeability and permits the fluid from to ooze into the body cavity and tissue spaces. Reduced milk, meat, and egg production may result from less extensive attacks.

Answer 41

saliva

Question 42

Pathogenic Effects of Black Flies They can transmit: ____ - vesicular lesions on the mouth, ears, udder, abdomen, and coronary bands. ____ in cattle and ____ in man - filarial parasites that cause scales, crusting, ulceration, alopecia, and depigmentation.

Answer 42

Vesicular Stomatitis virus Onchocerca gutturosa Onchocerca volvulus

Question 43

Pathogenic Effects of Black Flies They serve as intermediate host of: ____ and ____ in ducks and ____ in turkeys - protozoans that can cause problems in the RBCs, WBCs, respiration and digestion

Answer 43

Leucocytozoon anatis and L. simmondi L. smithi

Question 44

Control of Black Flies Large-scale control of black flies is possible by treating breeding streams with an approved larvicide. Streams can be treated using microbial larvicide, ____.

Answer 44

Bacillus thuringiensis

Question 45

*Family Simuliidae Limiting exposure of animals to areas near flowing water specially during the ____ can lower occurrence of bites from black flies

Answer 45

daytime

Question 46

*Family Psychodidae Also called ____, ____ or ____. They are distinct in that their body is covered with fine hairs. This family consists of: ____ (Old World sandflies) ____ (New World sandflies)

Answer 46

phlebotomine sandflies, moth flies or owl midges Phlebotomus spp. Lutzomyia spp.

Question 47

*Family Psychodidae These are tiny, moth-like flies with legs as long as the antennae, comprising __ segments that often have a beaded, hairy appearance. Only the females are blood feeders and usually prefer warm-blooded animals.

Answer 47

16 segments

Question 48

*Family Psychodidae Sand flies are nocturnal and are ____ fliers; their flying is deterred by air currents, even slight ones. During the day, sand flies seek protection in crevices and caves, among vegetation, and within dark buildings

Answer 48

weak fliers

Question 49

*Family Psychodidae Life Cycle The female sand fly will lay 30-70 eggs in a moist soil in protected areas with high humidity. They will hatch within ____ weeks. The larvae will molt 4 times in a span of 21 days

Answer 49

1-2 weeks

Question 50

*Family Psychodidae Life Cycle They will then find a dry area before entering the pupal stage. An imago will emerge from the pupa within __ days

Answer 50

7-14 days

Question 51

Pathogenic Effects of Sand Flies They serve as intermediate host of: ____ - protozoan parasites that causes generalized weakness, cutaneous lesions, lymphadenopathy and renal failure

Answer 51

Leishmania spp.

Question 52

Pathogenic Effects of Sand Flies They serve as intermediate host of: ____ - bacteria that causes Oroya Fever or Carrion's Disease. Characterized by jaundice, liver and spleen enlargement in its acute phase and cutaneous warts / verruga peruana in its chronic phase

Answer 52

Bartonella bacilliformis

Question 53

Control of Sand Flies General to all our arthropod topics: removal of breeding areas will significantly lower their occurrence of infesting / transmitting diseases. And also... ____. Since they are weak fliers, an ____ can be put in the stables/houses.

Answer 53

insecticides electric fan

Question 54

Control of Sand Flies ____ help to decrease sandfly population. It is an insecticide that is gradually released to the skin, which kills any parasite that comes to direct contact with the skin

Answer 54

Deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars