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BIOL 303- Embryology and Developmentology > Lecture 1-18 > Flashcards

Lecture 1-18 Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Zygote definittion

A

Fertilized egg

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2
Q

Embryo definition

A

Developing organism from fertilization through the formation of differentiated tissues

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3
Q

What are the three tasks each embryo has during the early phase of development

A
  1. Increase the number of cells through cell division
  2. increase the number of cell types by differentiation
  3. generate polarity to allow establishment of the future body axis
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4
Q

What are the five stages of embryogenesis?

A

Fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation, Organogenesis and Histogenesis

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5
Q

What are the two poles of the egg called

A

animal and vegetal

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6
Q

What does fertilization trigger

A

Numerous metabolic interactions including change in CA+++ concentration, protein synthesis etc. – will influence the zygotes further development

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7
Q

What are the two genetic programs that organisms are regulated by

A
  1. Cytoplasmic determinants in the egg (eg. RNAS, enzymes etc)
  2. Genome of the zygote
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8
Q

The pattern of embryonic cleavage is determined by what two major factors

A

the amount of yolk in the egg cytoplasm and the distribution of yolk in the egg cytoplasm

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9
Q

The animal pole is closer to the ____ while the vegetal pole contains the ____

A

nucleus, yolk

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10
Q

T or F: by cleavage the majority of cells already have a predictable fate

A

T

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11
Q

What are the three major stages that cell fate goes thoguh

A

Specification, determination and differentiation

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12
Q

What happens during specification

A

cell has been instructed and will follow the instructions however fate is still reversible

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13
Q

What happens during determination

A

Cell’s fate is irriversible

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14
Q

What happens during differentiation

A

fate is absolutely irreversible, generation of specialized cell type

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15
Q

What is the difference between totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent

A

totipotent- can give rise to a complete individual
pluripotent- can form more structures than their original fate
multipotent- similar to pluripotent, but lesser number of structures

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16
Q

what is the difference between epithethilial and mesenchymal cells

A

Epithelial cells form sheets and are tightly compacted

Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized and attached, also can migrate as individual cells

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17
Q

what is indcution when it comes to cell actions

A

one cell or group of cells chnages the behaviour of another cell or group of cells

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18
Q

What is competence

A

ability of cells to respond to inductive signal

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19
Q

what is signal transduction

A

different pathways to obtain induction/competence capabilities

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20
Q

what is gastrulation

A

a series of complex morphogenic movements and activities proliferating cells migrate, rearragne sheets of cells bend, fold and spread forming gastrula

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21
Q

What are the three germ layers that gastrulation forms

A

Outermost ectoderm, innermost endoderm and the intermediate mesoderm

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22
Q

what does the ectoderm form

A

the outer layer of skin and nervous system

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23
Q

what does the endoderm form

A

the inner lining of the digestive tract and its appendages

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24
Q

what does the mesoderm from

A

form bone and other skeletal structure, muscle heart blood vessels, kidneys and reproductive organs

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25
in organogenesis ectodermal cells form the ____ ____
neural plate
26
in organogeneis the endoderm forms the _______
arcenteron-- gut rediment
27
what happens during histogenesis
cells specialize to perform particular functions, final cell differentiation
28
What is direct vs indirect development postembryo??
Direct is the development looks like a miniature adult, fetus, juvenile Indirect is the larva going thorugh stages called metamorphasis. Ex. tadpoles and caterpillars
29
What is the axoneme
moajor portion of sperm- dynein- ATPases
30
What is an oocyte vs an ovum
oocyte is a developing egg while an ovum is a matured egg, reached stage in meiosis where it could get fertilized
31
Why is the sea urchin a good model organism in developmental biology
sexually mature throughout the year, and produces a considerable number of large, transparent eggs
32
What are the two important external layers in the sea urchin egg
the jelly layer and the vitelline envelope
33
What does the cortex of the sea urchin egg do at fertilization
high in globular actin which polymerize in mirofilaments which form microvilli which aid in sperm entry
34
the mammalian egg is surrounded by ____ which aids to
cumulus, aids to nurture the egg
35
what is the innermost layer of the cumulus
the corona
36
What is the zona pellucida
the mammalian analog of the vitelline envelope produced by the egg
37
What are the four major events in the process of fertilizaiton
1. contact and recognition 2. regulation of sperm entry into the egg 3. activation of egg metabolism to start development 4. fusion of genetic material
38
what attracts the sperm to the egg
chemoattraction by soluble moelcules and chemotaxis; ; sperm follow gradient of chemical secreted by the egg
39
What is the role of calcium in sea urchin fertilizaiton
ca+ from sea water gets into the cell and activates sperm flagellar dynein ATPase, energy for swimming
40
What are the two steps in acrosome reaciton in the sea urchin
1. the fusion of the acrosomal vesicle within the sperm cell membrane 2. extension of the acrosomal process
41
What are the three species specific events sea urchins go through
1. sperm attraction by chemotaxis 2. sperm plasma membrane contains receptors for species specific polysaccharies from the egg jelly coat 3. acrosomal process contains protein bindin which has the cresptor on the egg cell membrane, ERB1
42
What are the five events breifly of sea urchin egg and sperm entry
1. chemoattraciton 2. exocytosis of acrosomal vesicle 3. digestion of jelly layer 4. binding of sperm to extracellular envelope and passage through it 5. fusion of sperm and egg emmbrnaes
43
WHat are the two things that are necessary for fertilization
1. egg and/or cumulus cells have to be able to produce chemotaxic attractant molecule 2. sperm capacitation
44
what is the 5 steps in sperm entry in mammals
1. chemoattraction 2. binding of sperm to zona pellucida 3. exocytosis of acrosomal vesicle 4. passage of sperm though the zona pellucida 5. fusion of the sperm and egg membranes
45
What are the three major proteins hte zona pellucida is made up of
ZP1, ZP2 and ZP3
46
sea urchin only has acrosomal ______
process
47
in mammals sperm binds at the _____, not the ____
side, tip
48
how is the fast block of polyspermy achieved
achieved by changing the electrical potential of the egg cell membrane
49
What is the primary component of the sea urchin
the cortical granule reaction
50
What are the four steps in the slow black in sea urchins
1. Serine protease digest the protein and clips off extra sperm 2. Mucopolysacharieds create osmotic gradient causing water to enter 3. Peroxide enzymes harden the envelope by cross-linking tyrosine residues 4. Hyalin coating is formed around the egg
51
T or F: there is a fertilization envelope in mamals
F
52
Granule fusion is driven by an increase in intracellular ___ in both mammals and sea urchins
Ca2+
53
Egg activation can be broken into ____ and ___ phases
early and late
54
What does Ca2+ activate
NAD+ kinase which converts NAD to NADP+
55
What happens to Ca+ in early sea urchin egg activation
dependant on a transient increase in ca2+ following egg sperm fusion
56
what happens to ca2+ in early mammal egg activation
several waves of ca2+ released corresponding to aspects of egg acvitation
57
In both sea urchins and mammals what happens in the late phase of egg activation
increase of Ca 2+ inhibits MAP kinase so DNA replication can start
58
What is the difference between sea urchin fusion and mammal fusion
the time of DNA replication
59
what are the two major developmental processes that occur in succession
cleavage and gastrulation
60
what happens during cleavage
a period of rapid cell division
61
T or F: cell division is accompanied by cell growth
F
62
Where is the site of first clevage
determined by the point of sperm entry
63
What is the cleavage driven by
the Mitosis promoting factor
64
What are the two subunits in the mitosis promoting factor
CyclinB and cdc2
65
CyclnB is regulated by factors in the _____
cytopalsm
66
What is karokinesis
the mitotic division of the nucleus
67
What is cytokinesis
the physical division of the cell
68
The pattern of embryonic cleavage is determined by what two factors
the amount and distribution of yolk, and the factors in the egg cytoplasm that influence the angle of the mitotic spindle
69
How do cells and tissues know how to develop
thorugh mutual interactions- induction and competence
70
cell fate is determined by what four factors
1- Asymmetric cell divions 2- Cell to cell interactions 3. Cell cell communications 4. Position of the cell in an embryo
71
what is the difference from asymmetric and symmetric division
asymmetric- sister cells born different | symmetric- sister cells become different as a result of influences acting on them after their birth
72
what are tight junctions
create sheets of cells
73
what are anchoring junctions
connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells, or connect cells to matrix
74
what are communicating junctions
permit small molecules to pass between cells
75
what is induction
interaction between two or more cells with different histories and properties
76
what is the inducer
cell that produces or sends a signal (morphogen) that will change the cellular behaviour
77
what is the responder
the target cell
78
what is competence
the ability of a cell or tissue to respond to a specific inductive signal; can change with time
79
What is instructive vs permissive cell communication indcution
Instructive- initiates new gene expression | permissive- allows expression of those traits
80
T or F: an inducer is a morphogen
T
81
What are the three types of cell-cell communication
juxtacrine-adjacant direct contact paracrine-effects neighboring cells endocrine-hormones affect cells throughout body
82
WHat are the four signa transduction systems
1- receptor with enzymatic activity 2- receptor coupled to a heterotrimeric G prrotein 3-intracellular receptors 4- Linked receptors
83
what is a kinase cascade
a series of protein kinases that phosporylate each other in succession, amplifying the signal

BIOL 303- Embryology and Developmentology (5 decks)

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