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lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the shapes of the S, F, p, and d orbitals?

A

S (1 shape), F (7 shapes), p (3 shapes), d (5 shapes)

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2
Q

What does tetravalent mean in the context of carbon bonding?

A

Carbon has four bonding electrons

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3
Q

If there are no heteroatoms, what must be true about the molecular weight (MW)?

A

The MW must be even

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4
Q

What is the implication of having an odd number of nitrogens in a molecule?

A

The MW is odd

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5
Q

What do we assume about remaining bonds if no bonds are shown to other atoms?

A

The remaining bonds are to H

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6
Q

What is the molecular formula for hexane?

A

C6H14

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7
Q

What is the condensed structure for hexane?

A

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

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8
Q

What are simple alkanes?

A

Compounds consisting only of carbon and hydrogen with single bonds

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9
Q

What are some examples of carbonyl compounds?

A
  • Aldehydes
  • Ketones
  • Carboxylic acids
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10
Q

What are the four main techniques used for structure elucidation?

A
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • Infrared Spectroscopy
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11
Q

What type of technique is Mass Spectrometry?

A

Destructive Technique

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12
Q

What does Mass Spectrometry provide?

A
  • Molecular Weight
  • Structural Information
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13
Q

What type of technique is Spectroscopy?

A

Non Destructive Technique

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14
Q

What does Ultraviolet Spectroscopy provide information about?

A

Bonding

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15
Q

What does Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy provide information about?

A

Connectivity

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16
Q

What does Infrared Spectroscopy provide information about?

A
  • Bonding
  • Functional groups
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17
Q

What happens to molecules when they absorb energy?

A

Absorption causes observable change

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18
Q

What is the relationship between energy and frequency?

A

High frequency = High Energy; Low frequency = Low Energy

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19
Q

What is the value of Planck’s Constant?

A

6.63 x 10^-34 J·sec

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20
Q

What is the spectral range for infrared spectroscopy in reciprocal centimeters?

A

200 cm^-1 to 4000 cm^-1

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21
Q

What is the significance of the fingerprint region in IR spectra?

A

It is more complicated and occurs below 1500 cm^-1

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22
Q

What are the selection rules for IR spectroscopy?

A

The electric dipole moment of the molecule must change

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23
Q

Which molecule does not have at least one IR active vibrational mode?

A

N2

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24
Q

What is the transition selection rule?

A

Vibrational quantum number changes by ±1

25
What significant event in organic chemistry did Friedrich Wöhler accomplish in 1828?
Conversion of ammonium cyanate to urea
26
primary amine
one r group to amine
27
secondary amine
2 r group to amine
28
tertiary amine
3 r groups to amine
29
amine
nitrogen group, nh2
30
aromatic rings
pyridine, benzene, furan
31
sigma bond
overlap of two orbitals
32
pi bond
overlap of two hybridized orbitals, double bonds, perpendicular to sigma bond
33
heteroatoms
atoms that are not carbon or hydrogen
34
order of waves
radio, microwaves, ir, visible, uv, xray, gamma
35
nonlinear molecule vibrations and rotations
3 rotations, 3n-6 vibrations
36
linear molecule vibrations and rotations
2 rotations and 3n-5 vibrations
37
ir selection rule
electric dipole moment of the charge must change when atoms are displaced relative to one another
38
innactive modes
when the modes are symmetrical
39
40
degree of unsaturation equation
(2C+2+N-H-X)/2
41
nuclei with even neutrons and protons
spin of 0 (charge and mass are even)
42
odd protons and neutrons in nuclei
integral spin (charge is off and mass is even)
43
nuclei with odd mass
half integral spin
44
sheilding
when electrons create an opposing magnetic field to the applied field and create their own induced field.
45
things learned from a spectrum
the number of signals shows the proton number, the integration of the signals shows the number of protons of that type, the location of the signals (shielding), signal splitting shows the total number of protons
46
RADIO
nuclear spin transition
47
microwaves
rotation
48
infrared
vibration
49
uv/visible
electronic transition
50
xrays/vacuum uv/gamma rays
ionization
51
H connected to carboxylic acid
10-12ppm
52
H on aldehyde
9-10
53
h connected directly to benzene
6.5-8.5
54
h connect to carbon one away from benzene
2-2.5
55
h to alkene
4.5-6.5
56
ch2 connected to halogen or oxygen
3-4
57
h connected to carbonyl group
2.-2.5
58
primary carbon
upfield, 1 and 2
59
secondary and teritary carbon
more downfield 1.1, 2

chem 1040 (3 decks)

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