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NYCC X-Ray Physics > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What year was the first X-ray performed, and by who?

A

1895, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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2
Q

What was used to perform the first X-ray?

A

Crooks tube

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3
Q

What are the 7 major imaging modalities?

A

X-ray, CT, MRI, US, DEXA, Scintigraphy, PET

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4
Q

Name 3 major influences of Physics

A

Marie Curie, Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein

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5
Q

Relating to Quantum Theory, name 2 radiation types.

A

Particulate, Electromagnetic

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6
Q

This radiation type is used for nuclear medicine

A

Particulate

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7
Q

This radiation type is used for nuclear medicine, radiography, and CT

A

Electromagnetic

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8
Q

What are the subcategories of Particulate radiation?

A

Alpha, Beta, Neutron

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9
Q

This electromagnetic radiation is produced via electron interactions

A

X-ray

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10
Q

This electromagnetic radiation is produced during decay of atomic nuclei

A

Gamma

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11
Q

What are the subcategories of Electromagnetic radiation?

A

X-ray, Gamma, Visible light, Radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, UV light

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12
Q

Wave and particle properties of x-ray photons is termed:

A

Wave-particle duality

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13
Q

Describe the wave-particle duality of x-ray photons in relation to quantum theory

A

Visible light acts more as a wave; x-rays act more as a particle. (Don’t confuse this BEHAVIOR as a particle w/ composition AS a particle)

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14
Q

What are the 4 atomic models of quantum theory?

A

Medieval, Dalton, Thompson, Bohr

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15
Q

What 2 components make up the Bohr atom?

A

Nucleus; electron cloud w/ shells (different energy levels)

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16
Q

What are the 7 Atomic energy shells of the Bohr atom?

A

K, L, M, N, O, P, Q (periodic table tells you electron shell and number)

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17
Q

Which atomic energy shells of the Bohr atom are the most important for X-ray?

A

K and L

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18
Q

What is electron binding energy dependent on?

A

The type of element

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19
Q

In relation to electron binding energy, more electrons =

A

Higher e- binding energies

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20
Q

In the equation C=fy (y as a place holder for gamma), define each letter.

A

C = velocity, f = frequency, y = wavelength

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21
Q

What speed do x-ray photons travel at?

A

The speed of light

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22
Q

In the equation C=fy (y as a place holder for gamma), what can and cannot be modified?

A

C cannot be changed; we can modify f, y

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23
Q

Photon energy is directly proportional to ___

A

frequency

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24
Q

Photon energy is indirectly proportional to ___

A

wavelength

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25
What are the units for x-ray energy?
Electron-volts (eV)
26
Strength is relative to ___
kVp (keV)
27
What does kVp stand for
kilovolt peak, max voltage intensity at tube
28
T/F kVp is one of the factors set by the tech at the console
t
29
For what x-ray is <10kVp strength applied?
Crystallography
30
For what x-ray is 10-20kVp strength applied?
Dermatology
31
For what x-ray is 30-150kVp strength applied?
Diagnostic imaging
32
For what x-ray is 200kVp - 1MVp strength applied?
Radiation therapy
33
For what x-ray is 1MVp strength applied?
Industrial X-ray
34
X-ray moves at __
*c*
35
Do x-rays reflect?
No
36
Do x-rays refract?
No
37
Are x-rays affected by electric fields? Or magnetic fields?
No
38
Do x-rays affect photogrphic emulsion?
Yes
39
Can x-rays ionize matter?
Yes
40
What is Optical Density (OD)?
Degree of film darkening ("the picture")
41
If OD is too high ->
Image too dark, **overexposed** (burnt toast)
42
If OD is too low ->
Image too pale, **underexposed** (still bread)
43
What is radiodensity?
The object being imaged
44
How are OD and Radiodensity related?
Inversely (OD is the image, radiodensity is the object being imaged)
45
Explain OD vs. Radiodensity in terms of Bone
Bone has a high radiodensity (blocks/absorbs lots of radiation), but low OD (it is white on the image)
46
Explain OD vs. Radiodensity in terms of Air
Air has low radiodensity (blocks/absorbs very little radiation), but high OD (it is black on the image)
47
In terms of OD and Radiodensity, the image turns ___ when struck by radiation.
Dark (the radiograph is like a photographic negative)
48
How is a radiodense object colored?
Pale-colored (e.g. cortical bone)
49
How is a radiolucent object colored?
Darkly colored (e.g. air)
50
What acronyms refer to the full distance from x-ray source to image receptor?
SID, FFD, TFD
51
What does the acronym SID stand for?
Source image distance
52
What does the acronym FFD stand for?
Focal film distance
53
What does the acronym TFD stand for?
Target film distance
54
What acronyms refer to the distance from x-ray source to object?
SOD
55
What does the acronym SOD stand for?
Source object distance
56
What does the acronym OFD stand for?
Object film distance
57
What acronyms refer to the distance from the object to the image film/cassett?
OFD, OID
58
What does the acronym OID stand for?
Object image distance
59
What are the standard distances for SID/FFD/TFD, and which is used most often?
**40"**, 72"
60
When is an SID/FFD/TFD distance of 40" used?
AP cervical, APOM, Thoracic, Lumbar, Extremities, Abdomen
61
When is an SID/FFD/TFD distance of 72" used?
Lateral cervical, Chest, Full spine
62
Describe the Inverse square law as it applies to SID. How is this measured?
As the distance from the source to the image receptor increases, the radiation intensity decreases by the square of the distance. This is measured in R, rem Sv, or mAs
63
What is mAs?
Intensity of radiation
64
What is the Inverse Square Law equation?
I1/I2 = d2^2/d1^2
65
What does each term in the Inverse Square Law equation stand for?
I1 = original density, I2 = new intensity, d2^2 = new distance^2, d1^2 = original distance^2
66
You perform an AP LS, 40" SID, 80kVp, 40mAs. What is the intensity (mAs) at 72"?
12.3mAs
67
The (closer/further) your control panel is to the patient, the safer you are
Further
68
At 10 ft away from the source, your dose is ___ of the original beam
<1%
69
You take a lateral cervical (72" SID) at 80kVp and 15mAs. You need to take a Swimmers view (40" SID"). What mAs should you use to get the same density on the film?
4.6mAs (NOT 48.6 mAs)
70
What law is used for Radiation **Safety**?
Inverse square law
71
What law is used for **Practical application**?
Square law (I1/I2 = d**1**^2/d**2**^2)
72
What law is used to calculate radiation intensity at target as SID changes, w/o changes to initial intensity at console?
Inverse square law
73
What law is used to calculate what change in mAs is needed at the console to compensate for a change in SID?
Square law
74
When tube distance increase, what happens to the intensity?
Intensity decreases

NYCC X-Ray Physics (4 decks)

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