Lecture 1+2 Flashcards
1
Q
Ingestion definition
A
Act of eating
2
Q
Digestion definition
A
The process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb
3
Q
Absorption definition
A
Take up small molecules from the digestive compartment
4
Q
Elimination Definition
A
Undigested material that passes out of the digestive compartment
5
Q
What is DM feed?
A
Non water component of feed “solids”
6
Q
What does starch break down into?
A
Glucose
7
Q
What does protein break down into?
A
Amino Acids
8
Q
What’s another word for corn?
A
Maize
9
Q
Why is it important to put things on a
DM basis?
A
For the cost and Nutrient value
10
Q
How do we process food?
A
feed mills
11
Q
Why do we process foods?
A
To increase the surface area and it also increases the digestibility
12
Q
How do humans increase the surface area of things?
A
-Cooking
-Chewing
13
Q
What is an incredibly important
phenomenon in nutrition?
A
Fermentation
14
Q
Name an ancient way of preserving food and feed?
A
Fermentation
15
Q
List a few examples of fermentation processes :
A
1) Rumen and hind gut fermentation
* Via microorganisms
2) Alcohol fermentation
* Via microorganisms
3) Lactic acid fermentation – in oxygen deprived muscles cells
4) Bread making,
* Via microorganisms
16
Q
What is fermentation the process of?
A
Transforming carbs (starch, sugar) into alcohol and carbon dioxide or organic acids (lactic acid, acetic acid, etc) through yeast, bacteria or a combination of the two
17
Q
What’s a common food we use fermentation on to preserve it?
A
-cabbage
-kim cheese
18
Q
When we fart what is that from?
A
Fermentation in our large intestine
19
Q
What’s 3 vital fatty acids?
A
1- Acetic acid
2- Propionic acid
3- Butyric acid
20
Q
What percent of moisture does corn need to be or below before harvesting?
A
15% or less
21
Q
How many grams are in a pound?
A
454g
22
Q
How many pounds are in a kilo?
A
2.2g/lb
23
Q
How many grams are in a kilo?
A
1000g
24
Q
How many pounds are in a ton?
A
2000lb/kg
25
How many litres are in a gallon?
3.78l/gallon
26
If we are trying to find out the dry matter what do we do?
We multiply
27
If we are trying to find out the as fed what do we do?
We divide
28
If your buying cheese the older it is the less what is in it?
The less lactose is in it
29
What type of animals consume the entire plant?
Ruminants and equine animals
30
What type of animals only consume the seeds of plants
Monogastric and a lot of beef animals (ruminants)
31
Whats a plants goal?
-Reproduce
-Develop
-Protect seed
32
Whats a farmers goal?
Harvest a high quality seed
33
Whats a ruminants goal?
Take the starch and fibre from the plant and use it as energy
34
Is the plants cell wall digestible?
no
35
Name 3 structural carbohydrates:
-Hemicellulose
-Cellulose
-Lignin
36
What do structural carbohydrates do for the plant?
These give the plant strength
37
What structural carbohydrate do we use in our homes?
Lignin, its wood, we use it in our homes.
38
Name a non structural carbohydrate?
Starch, soluble sugars, pectin
39
Can ruminants digest structural carbohydrates?
-Cellulose and hemicellulose (potentially)
-Lignin (never)
40
What's the plants main goal?
-Reproduce
41
What does a plan cell contain?
-protein
-sugar
-starch
-pectin
-fats
42
is sugar a carbohydrate?
Yes
43
Whats the primary carbohydrate of wood?
Lignin
44
Name a simple sugar (simple carbohydrate)
Glucose
45
Is sugar and pectin soluble?
Yes they are soluble (very digestible)
46
Is structural carbohydrates digestible to monogastric animals?
Completely indigestible
47
Of a young plant the structural carbohydrate of the plant is ....
(Cell wall is small)
Low, weak you can break it
48
Of a mature plant the structural carbohydrate of the plant is ...
(Cell wall is thick , Digestibility goes down as it gets thicker)
Tuff, strands of fibre , hard to take off
49
Where does the uptake of nutrients occur in a plant?
-Root
-Leaves
50
Of the plant thats not water what is the nutrients of a plant?
Carbohydrates (included cellulose in the cell walls)
-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-oxygen
51
What does a concentrate mean?
Hight nutritional value of a feed stuff
-Concreted form of energy
52
What do the plant roots absorb?
Minerals from soil
53
Where does the CO2 diffuse into the leaves from?
Stomata
54
Stock, leaves and husks, what are they called?
Forages/ Roughage
55
Name the most abundant elements in the dry weight of a plant
-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
56
Herbaceous plant- definition
a plant that has leaves and steams that die down at the end of the growing season.
They have no persistent woody stem above ground
57
What are roughages/forages defined as?
Defined by the fraction of cell wall
58
What's important to know about roughages/forages
As the proportion of cell wall increases, feeds
become bulkier: requiring a greater volume to
hold an equal weight of substance
59
List forages
leaves and stems of
grasses (incl. cereals),
legumes, brassicas
60
List grains
seeds of cereals, oilseed
plants
61
Is hull digestible?
No , its 100% fibre its lignin
(Outside coat of shell)
62
Most of a cornel of corn is ...
Starch
63
Whats cereal grains family name
Gramineae
64
Why do towns in iowa have a feed mill?
Because of the hull
65
World coarse cereal grain (not wheat or rice)
production increased by ??? between 1990/91
and 2006/07
15%
66
In the germ of the seed , What is the nutrients in it?
Protein and Lipid
67
One the hull is processed the rest of the seed is....
Highly digestable
68
Why are barley and oats sometimes known as rough grains
Because of heavy hulls
69
Are rice hulls digestible?
almost totally indigestible because of their high lignin and silica content
70
Are cereal grains digestible?
Highly digestible (usually)
71
What's dent also known as?
Field corn
72
Why does the kernel of popcorn pop?
Cause there water in it, the water in kernel turns into steam and pops it due to the pressure
73
Where is field corn used?
Feeding and industrial products
74
What's flint corn also known as?
Indian corn
- very hard exterior
-grown in central and south America
75
Why is dent corn dent?
Starts to loose water and causes a dent
76
Sweet corn has more natural sugars than what....
Than dent corn
- it has 4 vs 10% sugar
77
What is something to know about corn
50% of sugar in corn will be converted to starch within 24hr (eat fresh- tastes nicer)
78
Whats flour corn used for?
Used in baked goods, kernel is soft and easy to grind
79
When was pop corn first produced
3600BC
-very hard hull
-Flint corn
80
In countries outside north America what is corn referred to?
Maize
81
In areas where it grows well, corn will produce....
more digestible energy per unit of land than
any other grain crop.
82
Why is corn a great food for animals/people
-very digestible
-very palatable
83
List the Roots, tubers
turnips, beets, potatoes
84
Whats do ethanol plant want out of the corn ?
Starch
85
List by product of plants
cereal seed coats,
oilseed meals
86
List the two families that most cultivated forages are classified into...
-Grasses
-Legumes (alfalfa)
87
What do plants require to synthesise amino acids?
NH3 (ammonia) and NO3-(nitrate)
88
What is most nitrogen in the atmosphere in the form of?
Nitrogen gas, N2
89
What do plants lack the ability to convent?
N2(NITROGEN) to ammonia but some bacteria have this capacity
90
What do legume roots have?
Nodules
91
What are nodules composed of?
plant cells that contain nitrogen fixing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium
92
Inside the nodule, Rhizobium bacteria assume a
form called ????, which are contained within
vesicles formed by the root cell.
Bacteroides
93
What does nitrogen fixing bacteria supply?
nitrogenous
minerals in the soil by converting N2 to NH3
(ammonia), via nitrogen fixation.
94
What parts of the plant are -more nutritious
-higher in non structural carbohydrate and protein
-lower in structural carbohydrates
Leaves
95
What part of the plant is
-less nutritious
-Higher in structural carbohydrate
-vascular tissue
Stems
96
is In Florence of a plant important as parts of a feed with a plant?
no unimportant
97
What is the fruit of the plant rich in?
-starch
(cereal grain)
-oilseed (protein and lipid-
rich)
98
Are the roots of the plant important?
generally unimportant
except in a few cases
99
What is forage nutritive value composite?
Nutrient density
-content of specific nutrient/unit weight
Digestibility
-Ability of animal to digest and absorb nutrients
100
What is the apparent digestibility % formula
dietary intake - feces output x100/
dietary intake
101
what are enzymes?
protein
102
What is Apparent digestibility:
-Not all nutrients that “disappeared” were
utilized by the animal
– Microbial utilization and synthesis
* GIT secretions
– Digestive enzymes (i.e. proteins)
* GIT epithelium turnover
103
What is your faeces made up of?
-mostly water (75%)
and then
-Fibre
-Bacteria
-Stuff our body cam digest
-Fats
-Cholesterol
104
What should healthy feaces have in water?
Bubbles, due to microorganisms fermenting
105
What is factors affecting nutritive value of forages?
-Maturity (older the plant is , less digestible it becomes) Due to the structural carbohydrate going up.
its called lignification
more lignin= less digestible
106
What is another factor affecting the nutritional value of a forage?
Leaf stem ratio
-stem stock goes up as the plant gets mature, more structural carbohydrate, digestibility goes down with maturity, yield goes up with maturity
107
Is the fibre in leaves more or less digestible than the fibre in the stems?
Leaves
108
What should farmers do when cutting their stick?
Cut higher to improve quality (reduce fiber)
109
Why do outside rows of corn silage tend to have lower digestibility
More structural cabs cause it needs to be strong
110
List stressors of plants
-Temperature
-Light intensity
-Moisture deficit
-Moisture excess
-Soil fertility
111
