Lecture 3+4 Flashcards
1
Q
When we are talking about forages who are we talking about?
A
Herbivores, omnivores
2
Q
What expenses of food are on a farm? What %?
A
75%
3
Q
When assessing feed quality, what do we look at?
A
-Crude protein (typically the most expensive in the diet)
-Fibre
-Some assessment of digestibility
4
Q
Why do we have an interest in feed composition ?
A
To allow comparison of feeds on a specific basis
5
Q
List animal requirements:
A
-maintenance
-growth
-pregnancy and reproduction
-production
6
Q
List the 2 main approaches in assessing the value of feedstuff:
A
1-Labratory assessment
2- Animal assessment
7
Q
List the two laboratory assessments for assessing the feedstuff:
A
1- Chemical evaluation
2- In vitro digestion
8
Q
Who created the chemical evaluation of feedstuff?
A
-Detergent
(Van Soest) system
Dr. Peter Van Soest
9
Q
What is ash?
A
Minerals
10
Q
NDS - what does it stand for?
A
Neutral detergent soluble ,
pH- 7
11
Q
NDF- definition
A
Neutral Detergent Fibre
12
Q
What solubilised in the NDS?
A
-Sugar
-Starches
-Organic acids
13
Q
What didn’t solubilise in the NDF?
A
-NDSF
-Fructans
-Glucans
-Pectic substances
14
Q
If a plant have more NDS, what does that make the plant?
A
More digestible
15
Q
What do you put into the NDF to break it down?
A
Acid detergent extraction
16
Q
When you put acid detergent extraction into NDF what comes out ?
A
Soluble things come out as - Hemicellulose
Insoluble things that come out - Acid detergent fibre (ADF)
-Cellulose
-lignin
-Fibre - bound N
-Heat - Damages N
17
Q
Where are all the soluble nutrients of a cell?
A
All soluble nutrients are inside the cell
18
Q
Why are we so interested in NDF?
A
It is an estimate of the digestibility of a plant
19
Q
Why do plants produce NDF?
A
-Protection
-Structure
-Metabolic function
20
Q
Once the barrier of the plants NDF breaks what happens? And what problems can arise ?
A
Bacteria, fungi infiltrate and
-produce mycotoxins
21
Q
Why is mycotoxins bad?
A
Bad for the animals that eat it
22
Q
Why is seaweed so good?
A
Doesn’t have much structural carbohydrate, highly digestible
23
Q
How does a plant protect itself from dehydrating?
A
Creates more NDF
-Lignin reduces the loss of water
24
Q
What stimulated lignin production?
A
Drought
25
What does lignin provide?
"Hydrophobic Surface"
It allows plants to transport water against gravity to heights greater than 100m
26
If it goes into neutral solution what can we nearly guarantee about the nutrients?
There highly soluble
27
In the Detergent (Van Soest) system whats the neutral detergent ?
Recovers major plant cell wall components
Recovers all other organic constituents
28
In the Detergent (Van Soest) system whats the acid detergent ?
Recovers cellulose , lignin, and lignin-N complexes
Removes hemicellulose and fibre-bound protein
29
Whats the cell contents of the Van Soest System soluble in?
Soluble in neutral detergent
30
What is there a close relationship between?
Solubility and digestibility
31
In the Van Soest System , what is the cell wall constituents insoluble in?
Insoluble in Neutral Detergent eg:
1- Soluble in acid detergent
2- Acid- detergent fibre (ADF)
32
Whats majority of the faeces ??
Water
33
What is also in faeces?
Micro organisms and then some proteins
34
What is the components of ADF?
-Cellulose
-Lignin
35
What does ADF never include?
Hemicellulose
36
Whats the fibrous component of ADF?
-Least digestible fibre portion of forage
37
Feeds with higher ADF are...
Lower in digestibility
38
ADF is often used to calculate what?
The content of feed because energy content of feed is related to its digestibility
39
In VIVO def
= long tedious, expensive
Medical experiment or test preformed on living organism
eg- human being or a laboratory animal
40
IN VITRO - def
A medical experiment or a study that is preformed only in a laboratory dish or test tube
41
What does in vitro digestion stimulate?
-Rumen digestion (48hr incubation in rumen fluid at 39 degrees Celsius)
42
Whats the dacron bag technique of in vitro digestion?
Gastric digestion (48hr incubation in pepsin solution at pH 2)
43
What does digestion measure ?
The loss of a nutrient (protein, dry matter, NFC, fibre) from dacron bags containing feed when incubated for different times in the rumen
44
List the two main approaches of assessment feedstuff in an animal?
1- Laboratory assessment
2- Animal assessment
45
List the 3 main approaches of animal assessment:
3 major approaches are:
* Digestion trial
* Balance trial
* Production (e.g., growth,
lactation) trial
46
Whats the requirements of a digestion trial?
-individual feeding
-Quantitive faeces collection, separated from urine
-Adequate number of animals >5
-Adequate sampling period >7
-Minimal disruption of feed intake
47
Whats a balance trial?
Requirements same as for digestion trial, plus measurements of urinary losses
eg- N balance = N intake - (faecal N + urinary N)
48
Whats the production trial applications?
1- Titrate maximal or optimal responses to:
a) total feed intake
b) intake of specific nutrients
2- Compare the nutritional value of different feed ingredients fed at the same level
49
What's the Gain: feed ratio in a production trial feed utilisation ?
average daily weight gain /
average daily dry matter intake
50
Why isn't a Lion able to survive on eating plants?
Lions cannot ferment/digest structural carbohydrates
51
Is a ruminants gi tract sefistated ?
Yes, multiple layers, all of these compartments
52
What is a carnivores gi tract like?
Small, 1 tube, not complex
53
Ingestion def
Apprehension of feed, chewing, and swallowing to the initial
digestive organs
54
Digestion def
– Reduction of food to utilizable form; physical and chemical
processing of ingested food
– Pre‐ingestion processing of feed starts the digestive process
55
Absorption def
– Active transport
– Passive diffusion
56
Metabolism def
Post‐absorptive utilization of nutrients
57
What type of nutrient is protein?
Macronutrient
58
What is the definition for an essential nutrient?
a substance that must
be obtained in the diet, because the body
either cannot make it or cannot make
adequate amounts of it
59
What is a definition for the nonessential nutrient?
s one that the body
can make sufficient quantities of it if is lacking
in the diet
60
What does active transport mean?
Requires energy - ATP
61
List essential nutrients : (4)
-Essential amino acids (10)
-Essential fatty acids (2)
-Vitamins
-Minerals
62
Macronutrient definition
is a nutrient that is provided
(not necessarily required) in relatively large
amount in the diet
This is something a body can make
63
Why isn't carbs essential in a diet?
Because your body can make it - glyconeyogenicis
64
List Macronutrients :
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
– Water
65
Micronutrients - definition
is a nutrient that is needed in
relatively small amounts in the diet
66
What's the largest component of a pigs diet?
Corn
67
What do carbs make up the highest percentage of who's diet?
- Animals (farm animals)
68
List a micronutrient
-Vitamin
-Mineral
69
The more simple the GI tract is ...
The more digestible the diet needs to be
70
The more complicated the GI tract ...
The more complicated the diet cam be, eg- structural carbs
71
When you think of gastric what do you think of?
stomach, acid
72
Post gastric fermemtors
The gastric compartment is after the stomach, eg- small intestine
73
Pre gastric fermenters
-Ruminants , the gastric compartments are before the stomach
74
Ruminant pre gastric ferment compartments
-Rumen
-reticulum
-omasum
75
What is the big difference between ruminants and monogastric animals ?
the pre gastric fermentation process
76
How many caecum's do chickens have?
2
77
What do chickens have that grind up their feed?
Gizzard
78
does the GI tract absorb macronutrients ?
no the GI tract doesn't absorb macronutrients -
they are too large
this is called digestion
79
What is lactose structure?
disaccharide
80
What are carbs broken down into?
Glucose
81
What are proteins broken down into?
amino acids
82
what are fats broken down into?
fatty acids
83
How do animals digest macros ?
They are different and largely depends upon morphology and anatomy
84
Why can humans only go a few hours without eating
We eat often because we have to generate heat - 2000 cals a day
85
what animals don't generate heat?
Snakes, because they dont have to generate heat, they adapt to the heat of their environment
86
why cant babies goes through the night without eating?
They have a large surface area
87
Name a bulk feeder?
Snakes
88
Lish pre gastric fermenters:
-Ruminants (cattle, sheep, deer, camel)
-Non ruminants ( Colobine monkey, Hamster, Kangaroo )
-Hoatzin
89
List hind gut fermenters / Post gastric fermenters
-Cecal digesters (Capybara, Rabbit, rat, mice)
90
List hindgut fermenters that have a colonic digesters (sacculated)
Elephant, horse, zebra, new world monkeys , pig, human
91
List hindgut fermenters that have a colonic digesters (unsacculated)
Panda, dog, cat
92
Why does a panda eat so much bamboo?
Because they are trying to get nutrients out of it
93
Do all animals have some fermentative capacity? what is it directly related to?
Yes, its directly related to fibre consumption
94
What breaks down polysaccharides (forages) ?
bacterial enzymes , these bacterial enzymes are made from microorganisms in the animal
and they go into monosaccharides
95
what breaks down monosaccharides? (glucose) what's is broken down into?
Glycolysis broken down into pyruvate (3C)
96
What is pyruvate (3C) broken down into?
- Acetate (2C)
-Propionate(3C)
97
What do 2 acetate molecules create?
Butyrate 4C
98
Whats the small you get from feet?
Its from butyrate
99
List VFA's:
Acetate (2C)
Butyrate (4C)
Propionate (3C)
100
Where does the VFA's absorbed in your body?
-Rumen
-Colon
101
What's the most abundant structural carbohydrate on this planet ?
Cellulose
102
What's the two methods for breaking down feed :
-Enzymatic/Chemical digestion
-fermentation digestion
103
What type of digestion does the ruminant use or the pre gastric fermenter use?
1- Fermentation (Ruminant)
2- Enzymatic (Small Intestine )
3- Fermentation (Large Intestine)
104
What type of digestion does a monogastric animals have?
1- Enzymatic ( stomach, Small Intestine)
2- Fermentation (Large intestine)
105
What's a microbe?
Organic matter
106
How is ruminants food get digested?
by the micro organisms
carbohydrates are fermented by vfas
107
How are VFAS absorbed?
Straight through the rumen walls (this is how rumens gets their energy)
108
What's the "true stomach" used to digest microorganisms?
This is how ruminants get their protein?
109
Pre gastric fermenters that are non ruminants , what do they have ?
"Sacculated" stomach
110
List pre gastric fermenters that have a "sacculated stomach"
Colbine monkey, Hamster, Vole Kangaroo, Hipopatomas, Hoatzin
111
How many guts do hippopotamus have ?
4 guts
112
What are the outside of a lobster?
Structural carbohydrates
113
What is the shells covered with of fish?
Chiton - its fibre
114
What does the whale eat?
chitinolytic bacteria to digest chiton on the crustacean
So, similar to the ruminant....there’s fermentation but not of cellulose but of chiton
115
What does sacculated stomachs allow for ?
Fermentation capacity
116
Does the alpaca stomach have sacculated compartments?
Yes
117
Name ceacal fermenters? (another name )
Post gastric (hind gut) fermenters
118
List ceacal digestors:
Capybara Rabbit, Rat, Mice
119
Where do the fermentation chambers come in hindgut fermentations?
After the "stomach" and the small intestine
They have enlarges hindgut or pouches called "cecae"
120
Name a Saculated Colon Digeste
Horse
121
Name a Cecal Digesters
Capybara
122
Whats important to know about rabbits
Produces two kinds of feces
– One has lots of undigested fiber
– The other is a clearance of caecal contents
(soft, high in microbial content)
* Rabbits eat this to gain microbial
nutrition (primarily protein and vitamins)
123
Name 2 post gastric fermenter names
a) Cecal Fermenters
b) Colonic fermenters
124
List animals that are colonic digesters that are sacculated
-Elephant
-Horse
-Zebra
-New world monkey
-Pig
-Human
125
List animals that are colonic digesters that are unsacculated
-Panda
-Dog
-Cat
126
What % of a horses GI tract is the LI?
60%
127
Do all mammals have some fermentative capacity?
Yes some capacity that allows utilisation of ingested fibre
128
How many litres are in a gallon?
3.78
129
List adaptions to feed sources
-Prehension
-Mastication
-Deglutition
130
What is prehension ?
Prehensile adaptations include
forelimb (primates, raccoon),
snout (elephant, tapir), tongue
(anteater, cow), lips (horse,
sheep)
131
What type of prehension happens in domestic animals?
they use there lips, teeth and tongue
132
What is Mastication adaptions ?
Masticatory adaptations include
large canines and incisors
(carnivores), specialized molars
(herbivores), relative
toothlessness of edentates
(sloths, armadillos)
133
What does chewing food increase?
-surface areas and allows enzymes to act on molecules
134
Whats important to know about Carnivores when chewing?
Carnivores only to reduce the size of the
particle to a size small enough to swallow
135
Whats important to know about herbivores in the stomach?
Herbivores must chew continuously (40‐
50,000 times a day) to increase surface area
136
What does mechanical Digestion mean ?
* Physical breakdown of food
begins with the teeth
grinding the food and
increasing its surface area.
An increase surface area
allows for easier chemical
digestion
* Bacteria living in the mouth
can feed off of nutrients
sticking to the teeth and
cause tooth decay.
137
Whats more digestible, meet or plants?
Meet is more digestible ,the SI is smaller than Herbivores
138
What determines the adaptations in the GI tract?
The diet
139
What animals have gastric fermentations?
Ruminants
140
Whats deglutition ?
Deglutition (swallowing) varies
little with diet but quantity and
composition of saliva varies
considerably
141
Whats functions of digestion?
* Moisten feed (salt and water)
* Lubrication (aids swallowing)
* Starch and (or) lipid digestion (amylase and
(or) lipase): species dependent
142
How much saliva do different species have?
Amount of secretion
Dogs minimal (lubrication, no enzymes)
Sheep 3‐10 liters/d
Horse 10‐12 liters/d
Cattle 130‐180 liters/d
143
What does the human stomach act as?
* The stomach acts as a
temporary storage site for
food. Food usually spends
about 4 hours in the
stomach. It has ridges
which allow it to expand to
store about 1.5 litres of
food.
* The stomach is also the site
of initial protein digestion
144
What is Movement in the stomach controlled by?
Sphincters
145
Whats the partially digested food called in the stomach?
Chyme
146
Why is SI in mammals shorter than other herbivores or omnivores?
Because meat is more digestible therefore shorter GI tract
147
Where does the length of GI tract of omnivores fall?
Falls somewhere in the middle
148
What does pregastric fermentation increase?
Efficiency of fibre digestion
Larger nonruminants offset their digestive inefficiency by eating more
Large quantity of faeces
149
Whats one of the larger animals on land?
African elephant - eat 200-300kg of grass and trees a day and generate 100kg of faeces
150
How many times cam panda poop a day?
40
151
What do small nonruminants do?
Smaller nonruminants select more
digestible forage components and/or
practice coprophagy
152
What do you need o know about coffee?
Kopi Luwak (animal)
AKA: Civet Coffee
153
List foregut fermentors :
Bovids
Camelids
Sloths
Colobus monkeys
Kangaroos
Hoatzins
154
List Hindgut fermentors:
Elephants
Horses
Rabbits
Rodents
Grouse
Iguanas
Some turtles
155
Whats the vent in poultry ?
Common chamber into which the digestive, urinary, and
reproductive tracts open.
When fecal material is excreted, the vent folds
back allowing the rectal opening of the large
intestine to push out, closing the reproductive tract
opening.
156
