Lecture #1 (2/6) Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
What is exercise?
A
- Regular physical activity, apart from the normal daily routine, that is of high enough intensity and long enough duration to cause biochemical and physiological changes in the body
- A subset of physical activity
2
Q
What is the ability to carry out daily tasks with alertness and vigor, without undue fatigue, and with enough energy reserve to meet emergencies or to enjoy leisure time pursuits?
A
Physical fitness
3
Q
What is a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to perform physical activity?
A
Physical Fitness
4
Q
What is the relationship between physical activity and fitness?
A
They are closely related:
fitness is mainly not entirely determined by physical activity patterns over recent weeks/months
5
Q
For most people increase in physical activity produces what?
A
increase in physical fitness
6
Q
What causes variety in the amount of adaptation in fitness to standard exercise doses?
A
genetics control
7
Q
What four systems are required to sustained muscular work?
A
Metabolic
Skeletal
Circulatory
Ventilatory
8
Q
What is Carbohydrates?
A
- energy source
- prime lipid metabolism
- fuel for the central nervous system
9
Q
What is lipid?
A
- largest store of energy
- protects vital organs
- thermal insulation
- cellular structure
10
Q
What is protein?
A
anabolism
11
Q
What is anabolism?
A
building tissues
12
Q
What is vitamins?
A
- links for energy release from food
- tissue synthesis
13
Q
What is minerals?
A
- Structure- such as bones and teeth
- Function- muscle contractility, acid-base balance
- Cellular metabolism= part of enzymes and hormones
14
Q
What is water?
A
- diffusion of gases occurs across moist surfaces
- nutrients are transported in water
- eliminates waste products
- heat stabilizing
- structure and form to the body
- joint lubrication
15
Q
What are three types of carbohydrates?
A
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
16
Q
What are three examples of Monosaccharides?
A
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
17
Q
What is Glucose?
A
-other sugars are broken down to this
18
Q
What produces glucose?
A
gluconeogensis
19
Q
Where is glucose absorbed?
A
small intestines
20
Q
What is Glucose used for?
A
-used directly for energy
21
Q
What is glucose stored as and where?
A
as glycogen by muscle and liver
22
Q
What is glucose converted to , to be stored?
A
lipids to be energy storage
23
Q
Name one type of Oligosaccharides?
A
Disaccharides
24
Q
What is Disaccharides ?
A
two sugars
25
What are three types of Disaccharides ?
sucrose
lactose
maltose
26
What are two plant polysaccharides?
fiber
| starch
27
What is the main polysaccharide for animals?
Glycogen
28
What is glycogen synthesized from and by what?
from glucose by glucogensis
29
How many grams of glycogen stored in the human body?
375-475grams
30
Where are the three major areas of glycogen locations in the human body?
muscles has 75%
liver 25%
blood 5 grams
31
What is the glycogen path from liver to blood?
liver glycogen converted to glucose
released into blood
glycogenolysis
32
What is a simple lipids?
Triglycerides
33
What percent of human body fat is triglycerides?
95%
34
What are the two clusters of simple lipids for triglycerides?
Glycerol
| Fatty acids
35
What are the three types of fatty acids?
saturated
mono unsaturated
poly unsaturated
36
What is a saturated fatty acid?
no double bonds between carbon atoms
37
What is a mono unsaturated fatty acid?
one double bond on the carbon chain
38
What is a poly unsaturated fatty acid?
two or more double bonds on the carbon chain
39
When is the oxygen the final acceptor?
In electron ion transfer process and water is a crude result of this process
40
Why is glycogen key for physical fitness?
It stores carbohydrates for fast energy. If you "hit the wall" the glycogen storage has been depleted
41
Humans lack enzymes to transfer glycogen from one working muscle to another, true or false?
true
42
What is triglyceride formation called?
Esterification
43
When is Esterification increased?
following a meal
44
What happens during esterification?
- increase blood levels of fatty acids and glucose
- high level of insulin
- facilitates triglyceride synthesis and glucose absorption
45
What is triglyceride breakdown?
lipolysis
46
What does Lipolysis yield?
glycerol and fatty acid molecules
47
What occurs during lipolysis?
- during low to moderate level exercise
- low caloric diet
- cold stress
- prolonged exercise
48
What occurs during prolonged exercise?
glycogen depletion
49
What are the three levels of lipid and health?
VLDL- very low density lipoproteins
LDL- low density lipoproteins
HDL- high density lipoproteins
50
What is proteins constructed of?
of amino acids and peptide bonds
51
How much different proteins is the human able to synthesize?
80,000 different proteins
52
How much protein is found in the body at any given time?
50,000 proteins
53
How many different amino acids house the human need?
20
54
What are the 20 different amino acids breakdown?
8 essential amino acids
2 produced from other amino acids
10 non-essential
55
What is protein catabolism?
amino acids released from protein turnover in the body not participating in synthesis are catabolized for energy
56
When does protein catabolism occur?
- excess protein in diet
| - times of dietary necessity
57
During protein catabolism proteins degrade into what?
amino acids
58
Deamination occurs where?
in the liver
59
What is the amino acid stripped of?
amine group or nitrogen
60
What can the deaminated amino acid be used for?
energy
gluconeogenesis
or fat synthesis
61
What is formed from the excess nitrogen and excreted?
urea in the form of urine
62
What does liver increase release of to activate muscles as exercise progress from low to high intensity?
Glucose
63
What supplies energy source?
muscle glycogen
64
During very high intensity exercise what is the sole source of energy?
carbohydrates
65
What provides feedback to the liver to regulate release of glycogen?
blood glucose levels
66
What occurs during interactions of carbohydrate and fat?
increased availability of carbohydrates
67
What are blunt long-chain fatty acids oxidized by?
skeletal muscle
68
Interaction of carbs and fat decreases liberation of what from adipose tissue?
FAAs
69
Intense exercise will result in increase in what two neurotransmitters?
epinephrine
| norepinephrine
70
Intense exercise will increase or decrease glucagon?
increase
71
Intense exercise will increase or decrease insulin?
decrease
72
All intense exercise will activate what?
glycogen phophorylase
73
What two places does glycogenolysis occur?
in liver and active muscles
74
How many hours of strenuous exercise will deplete the liver of glycogen and muscle glycogen?
2 hours
75
During submaximal exercise where is energy supplied from and how many percents?
Liver and muscle glycogen =50%
Fat=50%
Trace by protein
76
How is protein used during submaximal exercise?
Alanine-glucose cycle
77
After glycogen is depleted, What two things become energy sources?
fat and protein
78
What do humans lack to transport glucose from non-working to working muscles?
phosphatase enzyme
79
What is used as short term energy source for the organism by providing a means to store and release glucose in response to blood glucose levels?
Liver glycogen
80
Does liver use liver glycogen for it's own energy use?
no
81
What provides a readily available source of glucose during exercise to support anaerobic and aerobic energy conversion pathways within muscle cells?
Muscle glycogen
82
What do muscle cells lack that prevents it from releasing glucose into the blood?
enzyme glucose 6-phophatase
83
Where is Alanine synthesized from?
pyruvate
84
Alanine leaves muscle and enters where to get deaminated?
enters livers
85
The remaining carbon skeleton converts alanine to glucose and enters what?
bloodstream
86
What is carbon skeleton?
skeleton without nitrogen
87
What is ATP?
adenosine triphosphate
88
What is the high energy compound that provides power for all body processes?
ATP adenosine triphosphate
89
What two things can provide energy to produce ATPs?
Phosphocreatine PC or
| Phosphocreatine CP
90
In the early minutes of intense exercise, what combination of actions allowed for muscles to generate force in the absence of oxygen?
combined actions of the ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems allow muscles to generate force in the absence of oxygen
91
What are the two energy systems that contribute to early minutes of high-intensity exercise?
ATP-PCr
| glycolytic systems
92
In glycolytic system how many enzymatic reactions are needed to break down glycogen to pyruvate or lactic acid?
10-12 enzymatic reactions
93
In glycolytic system, what breaks down and produces what?
break down glycogen to pyruvate or lactic acid
| and produces ATP
94
Where does glycolytic system occur?
cytoplasm
95
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
does not its called anaerobic
96
Without oxygen present, pyrubic acid produced by glycolysis becomes what?
lactic acid
97
ATP-PCr and glycolysis provide the energy for all-out activity for how long?
2 min
98
What is the first stage of glucose degradation for ATP formation called?
Glycolysis
99
Where does glycolysis occur?
Outside the mitochondria
100
What two things are the rate of glycolysis dependant on?
1-presence of O2
| 2-concentration of phophofructokinase
101
What inhibits glycolysis?
presence of O2
102
What is a limiting enzyme for glycolysis?
phosphofructokinase
103
During steady state exercise H+ is oxidized to what?
NADH
104
What is the end product of steady state exercise after H+ is oxidized to NADH?
pyruvate
105
During intense exercise H+ production exceeds what ?
NAD availability
106
During intense exercise the H+ excess combines with what to form what?
combines with pyruvate to form lactic acid
107
What is excess lactate buffered by?
bicarbonate
108
combination of lactate and bicarbonate form what?
CO2
109
What drives ventilation?
CO2
110
When exercise de-intensifies, the excess lactate can be used as a substrate through what process?
Cori cycle
111
What does Cori cycle do to the excess lactate?
oxidized for energy or synthesized to glucose
112
In the oxidative system oxygen is used to generate energy from what?
metabolic fuels
113
oxidative system is aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
114
Where does oxidative production of ATP occur?
in mitochondria
115
Which process yields much more ATP, aerobic or anaerobic processes?
aerobic yields more ATP
116
What is the primary method of energy production during endurance events?
oxidative system aerobic processes
117
Fatty acids transform to what in the mitochondria?
Acetyl-CoA
118
What process transforms fatty acids to acetyl-CoA?
during beta-oxidation
119
Where does beta-oxidation occur?
mitochondria
120
During beta-oxidation what is being split from the long chain of fatty acids?
splitting of 2-carbon acyl fragments from the fatty acids
121
The split 2-carbon acyl fragments of beta-oxidation joint with what?
coenzyme A
122
During beta-oxidation the split 2-carbon acyl fragment join with coenzyme A to form what?
acetyl-CoA
123
The final product of beta-oxidation, acetyl-CoA directly enters what process?
citric acid cycle
124
Energy in food is converted to form what energy source?
ATP
125
Where does energy for muscular contraction come from?
breakdown of ATP to ADP and phophate
126
How much ATP is stored in the cell?
5 mmol in each kg of muscle, which is small amout
127
What occurs when levels of ATP in cells drop by more than 25%?
muscular contraction is impaired
128
Since there is only a small amount of ATP stored at any given time, and with low levels muscular contraction is impaired what must occur to maintain a healthy contractions?
there must be re-synthesize of ATP often
129
What can be used to resynthesize ATP?
CP
130
Can blood or other tissues supply ATP?
no
131
Energy to re-synthesize ATP is made available by what two methods?
anaerobic and aerobic
132
What is the determining factor of re-synthesizing ATP with either anaerobic or aerobic?
depends on duration and intensity of exercise
133
What duration of activity is considered short duration?
0-10 seconds
134
During high intensity and short duration, what sort of work is used?
anaerobic work
135
What energy source is used for high intensity and short duration?
ATP and CP stored in muscle
136
When is high intensity and short duration anaerobic work activated?
immediately
137
What type of power output does high intensity and short duration anaerobic work put out?
high peak power output
138
How is high intensity and short duration anaerobic work limited?
limited by small amount of intramuscular ATP and CP
139
What is an example of high intensity and short duration anaerobic work?
100 yard dash at max intensity
140
What duration of activity is considered moderate duration?
30-180 seconds
141
What type of process does high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work require?
glycolysis
142
During high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work, high energy phosphates must do what at a rapid rate?
must be continually resynthesized at a rapid rate
143
What provides energy to high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work's glycolysis?
glucose and stored glycogen to phosphorylate ADP
144
What limits high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work?
the byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis, Lactic acid limits exercise
145
What is an example of high intensity moderate duration anaerobic work?
440 yard run or 100 yard swim at max intensity
146
Low or moderate intensity with long duration requires what type of work?
aerobic work
147
What process is used during aerobic exercise?
Krebs cycle-electron transport chain
148
How much ATP is produced for each mole of 1 glucose during Krebs cycle?
36 ATP for 1 mole of glucose
149
What is Krebs cycle aka?
TCA- Tricarboxylic acid cylce
150
What does TCA/Kreb cycle degrades acetyl CoA from?
pyruvate or fats into CO2 and H2
151
The H2 from the Krebs cycle gets transferred to where for what purpose?
sent to ETC for oxidative phosphorylation and regeneration of ATP
152
Low or moderate intensity, long duration aerobic work has what speed and peak power?
slow speed and low peak power
153
How big is aerobic exercise's fuel?
large reservoir of fuel as adipose tissue
154
What are the two main types of muscle fibers?
Type I and Type II
155
What is Type I muscle fiber?
slow twitch oxidative for endurance
156
What is Type II muscle fiber?
fast twitch glycolytic for explosive
157
What energy system is used for Immediate, Short term, and long term?
Immediate: Phosphagen
Short term: Glycolytic
Long term: Aerobic
158
How much mole of ATP/min for immediate, short, and long term?
immediate: 4 ATP/min
short term: 2.5 ATP/min
long term: 1 ATP/min
159
How long does it take to fatigue for immediate, short, and long term exercise?
immediate: 5-10 sec
short term: 1-1.6 minutes
long term: unlimited
160
How long does Anaerobic ATP-CP take?
10 seconds or less
161
How long does glycolysis take?
a few minutes
162
How long do all aerobic cycles such as Krebs and Electron Transport chain take?
2 minutes or more
163
What are pros for Metabolism of carbs?
can support high-intensity exercise because glycolysis can oncur without oxygen
164
What are some cons for Metabolism of carbs?
lactate buildup occurs, and carb stores are very limited in the body relative to adipose tissue
165
What are pros for metabolism of fat?
ATP yields are very large for fatty acids versus glucose
| and fat is very dense energy source
166
What are cons for metabolism of fat?
requires oxygen and the process is not as quick as glycolysis
