Lecture 1&2 Flashcards by Ioanna Karamanou

Dioxin

Chlorinated hydrocarbon => chloracne (skin, organs)

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Anticoagulant Rodenticides

4-5 days to kill (time to cure)

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Etheylene Glycol

Nephrotoxic

Several h later -> v bad prognosis

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Herbicide

Paraquat -> membrane damage => lung fibrosis

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Dose-response

LD50 -> dose that kills 1/2 the population (90 g/kg water, 30 g/kg sugar, 10 g/kg alcohol)
TD50 -> dose that 1/2 the population has toxic signs
ED50: efficacy

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LD50

Spp dependent.

Administration dependent: IV>IP>IM>SC>PO>dermal

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Atropine

PSlytic agent => Paralytic ileus in eq!

Rabbit = resistant

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Accumulation coefficient

Acute LD50 1x / repeated LD50 90x
Result: >2 => relative cumulative

<2 => relative non-cumulative

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Toxicity

Extremely toxic: <5 mg/kg
Highly toxic: 5-50 mg/kg
Moderately toxic: 50-300 mg/kg
Slightly toxic: 300-2000 mg/kg
Nontoxic: 2000-5000 mg/kg

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DDT

= Chlorinated hydrocarbon, highly lipophilic => dermal absorption

Consequences: teratogenic, carcinogenic, POP (persistent organic pd), persistent in the environment, eggshell thinning.

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AChE inhibition

ACh accumulation => high ACh -> spasms, convulsions

Carbamates -> reversible
OPs -> irreversible

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Receptors

Agonist: e.g. Ivermectin = GABA agonist -> brain => paralysis

Antagonist: e.g. Atropine -> muscurinic ACh receptors => NO effect

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Cell membrane destruction

Detergents, alcohol -> GIT => vomiting, diarrhea
Paraquat (herbicide) -> lung cells => pulmonary damage (lipid perox)
Cu ions -> liver, RBCs haemolysis (lipid perox)
CN (10 sec action)-> disrupts electron transport across resp cell membrane (NAD-NADH system) => inhibition of cell resp (no E) => suffocation
Nitrophenols => uncoupling of ATP synthesis: H+ -> mitochondrial matrix => NO electron gradient => inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation -> heat instead
DDT, Dioxin, As, Cd => Cell nucleus damage (DNA): mutations, cancer

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Teratogenicity

Thalidomide (antiemetic, tranquilizer, anti-tumor effect), Albendazole

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Allerginizing effect

Penicillins, Sulphonamides

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Ethylene glycol

Anti-freeze (usually in spring)

Chemical analysis

Gas (30%) & Liquid (40%) Chromatography

Quick tests (simple, colour reaction): Cyanide (Lee-Jones test), Ethylene Glycol test, Paraquat, Diquat (Tompset test)

DSA TOF: Direct Sample Analysis Time of Flight => molecules size -> time of flight => detects what’s inside

Anticonvulsants

Diazepam: 1-5 mg/kg IV (repeat 20-30’, 3x)
Midazolam IM
Pentobarbital: 20-30 mg/kg IV (slowly) -> resp depression, t.irritation
Propofol: 4-6 mg/kg IV
Sevofluran: inhalation

Resp maintenance

Artificial ventilation (NOT in case of lung edema / convulsions)
O2 inhalation
Analeptics: Doxepram 1-10 mg/kg IV, sublingual in a puppy
Bronchodilators: Salbutamole, Terbutaline, Aminophyllin in case of gas-poisoning / OPs

Fluids & Electrolytes

Ringer lactate
Glucose 2.5-5%
Vit.B
Na-Carbonate (in case of metabolic acidosis)

Emetics

Apomorphine (dog:SC, sw)
Xylazine (cat: IM, IV)

Containdications: horse/rodents, pregnancy, seizures, pulmonary edema, unconsciousness, sharp objects

Adsorbents

Bind the poison

Activated Carbon: 2-5 g/kg PO. Binds 50% within 1/5h => decr severity

Drugs causing diarrhea

Na-Sulphate
Mg-Sulphate
Both 5% sol. PO

Neutralisation

Diluted vinegar: 5%, 4L PO (cattle)
Cold water: 10-20L PO (cattle) -> deactivate urease
Both for ammonia toxicosis

Acetylcysteine

Treats: Paracetamol OD (NAPBQ -> oxidizes Hb -> MHbinaemia) Antioxidant properties => neutralize Dosage: first= 140 mg/kg, then 70 mg/kg IV/PO (every 6h, 3x/day)

Atropine Sulphate

Treats: PSmimetic signs (SLUDGE) from AChE inhibitors (= OPs-poisoning) Dosage: 0.2-0.5 mg/kg, give 1/4 IV & the rest 3/4 SC (every 6h) Cats: toxic!!

Pralidoxime/Obidoxime

Treats: OP-poisoning by reactivating the enzyme = the BEST option Dosage: 20-50 mg/kg IM

Chelators -> complexes with metals -> urine/bile

Deferoxamine (Fe): 20 mg/kg IM Dimercaprole (As, Hg): 3-5 mg/kg IM (4x/day) Succimer (As, Pb, Hg): 10 mg/kg PO, every 8h for 10 days EDTA (Pb): 20 mg/kg IV (4x/day), but rather use Succimer D-Penicillamin (Cu, Fe): 20-50 mg/kg PO

Treatment of Ethylene-Glycol poisoning

ETHANOL by occupying alcohol DH => no transformation to toxic metabolites Dosage: 5 ml/kg 20% IV, every 6h for 3-4 days FOMEPRIZOLE- 4-methyl pyrasol -> alcohol DH blocker. 20 mg/kg

Methylene-Blue

Treats: Nitrate-Nitrite, MetHb. It can also be used in paracetamol poisoning Dosage: 5-10 mg/kg 1% (v.diluted because it’s very toxic to RBCs) Never in CATS. Vit C in cats = less potent, less toxic

Na-Thiosulphate

Treats: Cyanide poisoning (lucky) by forming SCN ions -> urine 500-1000 mg/kg IV

Vit K

Treats: Dicumarol poisoning (Anticoagulant rodent poisonings) Dosage: LA = 0.5-1 mg/kg IV and in SA = 1-1.5 mg/kg IV First IV, then always PO (IM -> haematomas) For at least 3 weeks

Digoxin Immune FAB (Digibind)

Treats plant poisoning (leander) by Digoxin Abs

Ionized Ca salts (Ca Gluconate, Ca Borogluconate)

Give slowly IV, because it cause bradycardia/ stops the heart OR IM

Enhancing Glomerular Filtration Enhancing Tubular Secretion

Glucose sol 5% IV (LA: 2-5 ml/kg, SA: 5-20 ml/kg) Mannit sol IV (in acute RF -> hyperkalaemia -> death, also in EG poisoning, Babesia, Addison’s D, shock). LA: 1-2 ml/kg, SA: 2ml/kg Furosemide: LA 0.5-1 mg/kg IM/IV & in SA: 2.5-5 mg/kg . BUT if you want to treat anuria your primary choice is Mannitol and if it doesn’t work give Dopamine (dopamine receptors in the kidney => vasodilation => incr renal blood flow, give in slow infusion). If Dopamine doesn’t work, then give Furosemide, but due to limited activity the dosage is 6-8 mg/kg IV (enters these receptors from the urine and not the blood, since no urine => higher dosage is required)

Decreasing tubular reabsorption

Acidic diuresis treats: weak basic poisons Ascorbic Acid: 40mg/kg IV Methionine PO Alkaline diuresis treats: weak acid poisons (NSAIDS) Na-Bicarbonate IV