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Immunology > Lecture 1&2 Intro and cells of immune system > Flashcards

Lecture 1&2 Intro and cells of immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

colonize body surfaces but do not invade the body and dont normally cause disease

A

commensals

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2
Q

organism that can cause disease

A

pathogen

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3
Q

cause disease every time it invades body, even in small numbers such as HIV

A

primary pathogen

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4
Q

cause disease only when administered in high doses

A

opportunistic pathogen

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5
Q

why is it better/why do multiple mechanisms work together to ensure microbial destruction

A

bacteria grow fast meaning more chances of mutation/adaptation

having multiple mechanisms allow for something to always be available to defend

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6
Q

what are the two branches of the immune system

A

innate immunity
adaptive immunity

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7
Q

characteristics of innate immunity

A

1.immediate protection (first line of defense)

2.always there, can’t change..has to act fast

3.not specific only worried if something is foreign or not

4.activated by PAMPs and DAMPs

5.provides important signals for adaptive immune response

  1. efficient
  2. can work independently of adaptive immunity but enhanced by adaptive immunity
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8
Q

characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  1. cells dont recognize pathogen as a whole; VERY SPECIFIC
    2.develops days to weeks after exposure
  2. memory
  3. tolerance (prevents us from attacking our own cells)
  4. enhance innate immune response
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9
Q

components of innate immunity

A

1.physical/chemical barriers
2.phagocytic and sentinel cells
3.complement system
4.innate defense cytokines
5. natural kill (NK) cells

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10
Q

components of adaptive immunity (2 types of adaptive immunity)

A

1.humoral immunity (antibodies)
2.cell-mediated immunity ( T-helper, cytotoxic T cells, and gamma delta T cells)

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11
Q

what makes up the innate defense physical/chemical barriers

A

epithelial barriers (skin, mucus membrane)
normal microflora
acid environment in stomach
antimicrobial peptides

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12
Q

these ingest and kill pathogens

A

phagocytic cells

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13
Q

examples of phagocytic cells

A

neutrophils
macrophages

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14
Q

resident tissue cells that detect invasion by recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs

A

sentinel cells

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15
Q

examples of sentinel cells

A

dendritic cells (DC)
macrophages
mast cells

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16
Q

what does PAMPs stand for

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

**tells innate immune system that something is foriegn)

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17
Q

what does DAMPs stand for

A

damage-associated molecular patterns
**turns of the immune response

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18
Q

what is the complement system

A

an rapidly induced enzyme cascade system that has antimicrobial activity
series of 20-30 proteins in blood plasma
multiple mechanisms for controlling infection

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19
Q

protein messenger molecule that can act on other cells or the cell that produced it

tells what response is needed based on the pathogen noticed by the sentinel cells

A

cytokines

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20
Q

secreted by sentinel cells in response to PAMPs and DAMPS

cause fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite

A

proinflammatory cytokines

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21
Q

examples of pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1
IL-6
TNF

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22
Q

these cause cells to migrate to sites of infection, some produced by sentinel cells

A

chemokines

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23
Q

interferes with replication of viruses; produced by virally infected cells

A

interferons

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24
Q

What are NK cells

A

also called natural killer cells (type of lymphocyte)

  1. part of innate defense
  2. looking for the absence of normal (missing receptor, etc.)
  3. kill virus infected cells and tumor cells
  4. recognize and kill cells that DO NOT express normal proteins
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25
humoral immunity is mediated by ________
antibodies named so because transfer of body 'humors' from protected animal to naïve animal could provide protection
26
__ cells or ___ lymphocytes produce antibodies
B,B
27
what are the types of antibodies
IgM IgG IgA IgE
28
named so because transfer of cells from protected animal to naïve animal could provide protection
cell-mediated immunity
29
another word for antibody
immunoglobulin (Ig)
30
what are the two classes of T cells based on T cell receptors
Alpha Beta T cells examples of alpha beta T cells:T helper cells and Cytotoxic T cells Gamma delta T cells
31
any type of white blood cell (WBC)
leukocyte
32
a type of WBC (T cell, B cell, and NK cell)
lymphocyte
33
what are some examples of granulocyte/ polymorphonuclear cells
neutrophils eosinophils basophils
34
define granulocyte/polymorphonuclear
present granules multi-lobular nucleus
35
if cells are phagocytic they are referred to as
monoocytes
36
if cells are NOT phagocytic they are referred to as
lymphocytes
36
these cells are important for clotting
platelets
36
approximate percentage of eosinophils in blood and half-lives
1-3% of WBCs in circulation 30 minutes in blood stream then go to tissues and are mostly found under epithelial surfaces; they live a couple of week in the tissues then replaced by new cells
36
approximate percentage of basophils in blood and half-lives
0.5% of WBCs in circulation 1-2 days
37
approximate percentage of monocyte in blood and half-lives
3-7% of WBCs in circulation circulate 1-2 days then migrate to tissue and differentiate into a macrophage (guard cell)
38
approximate percentage of neutrophils in blood and half-lives
55-90% of WBCs in circulation 8 to 10 hours
39
approximate percentage of lymphocyte in blood and half-lives
20-35% of WBCs in circulation 120 days; circulate for about 4 months between blood and lymphoid tissues searching for antigens they recognize *** if they dont find their match (antigen) they die***
40
do basophils contain granules
yes, that stain basophilic filled with inflammatory mediators examples: histamine, serotonin
41
do eosinophil contain granules
yes which stain eosinophilic filled with potent mediators capable of killing parasites
42
basophils are important in ________ and ________ infections (secondary to eosinophils)
allergy parasitic
43
eosinophils are important in control of ________________
extracellular parasites **eosinophilia can occur with some parasites and allergies
44
macrophages are found in most tissues and are extremely important in immune responses: list 3 responses
phagocytosis and killing bacteria presentation of antigen on MHC 2 secretion of cytokines
45
monocytes/macrophages arrive at the site of infection __________ neutrophils. Their accumulation at the site of inflammation is a sign of __________________
after chronic infection
46
_____________ spends a lot of energy making neutrophils
bone marrow
47
why does bone marrow spend a lot of energy making neutrophils
easier to just kill off something rapidly which is what neutrophils do compared to other lymphocytes
48
roles of neutrophils
1. first responders (arrive within 4hrs) 2. exit blood stream at the site of infection and accumulate in large numbers to ingest and kill pathogens 3. attack and destroy (suicide bombers) pathogens especially bacteria and fungi and die in the process
49
bone marrow increases production of neutrophils in response to bacteria infection resulting in a left shift known as _____________
neutrophilia (elevated neutrophil count in blood)
50
neutrophilia is commonly seen in animals with a _________ infection
bacterial
51
dead neutrophils result in the formation of _________
pus
52
lower than normal numbers of neutrophils in the blood stream
neutropenia
53
neutropenia is seen in animals with a __________ infection
viral
54
what is unique characteristic of lymphocytes compared to other WBCs
other WBCs once they exit the blood they stay in the tissues lymphocytes are able to bounce between blood and tissues
55
B-cells and T-cells are part of ____________ immunity
adaptive
56
If lymphocytes (B,T, and NK cells) meet their antigen, what happens?
they get activated and some differentiate into memory cells
57
what is the importance of endothelial cells that line the blood and lymph vessels
important for regulating leukocytic (WBC) traffic have addressins that allow circulating WBCs to know where the are in the body (flags)
58
what are addressins
adhesion molecules in endothelial cells that stick a flag in the spot in the body to tell WBCs where they are at
59
what happens to addressins when infection is present
they are upregulated to facilitate binding of neutrophils to the endothelial cells and their subsequent exit to the site of infection
60
all immune cells originate from _______________
bone marrow
61
what are the three lineages of immune cells
erythroid myeloid lymphoid
62
what are examples of erythroid
RBC platelets
63
what are examples of myeloid
monocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils some dendritic cells (important in initiation of immune response) mast cells
64
what are examples of lymphoid
B cells T cells NK cells some dendritic cells
65
____________are released in a mature state
granulocytes
66
___________ cells migrate to tissues and mature. These are important __________ and ___________. Key in initiation of adaptive immunity.
dendritic sentinel cells and antigen presenting cells
67
______________ precursors leave bone marrow and mature in tissues. Live from weeks to months and are important in parasitic infection and allergies
mast cells
68
__________________ are released immature from the bone marrow as ________ which go to the thymus to mature
T lymphocytes pre-T cells
69
in the _________, a T-cell receptor is generated by DNA arrangments
thymus
70
T/F each T-cell has a specific cognitive antigen
TRUE
71
T/F if the newly generated receptor recognizes antigen in thymus, it is eliminated
TRUE
72
T/F if the newly generated receptor recognizes MGC molecule but not antigen, then the T cell matures and goes to secondary lymphoid tissue
TRUE
73
____________ are released immature from the bone marrow as pre- ____cells, which mature in primary lymphoid tissue
B lymphocytes B
74
T cells are to the thymus, as B cells are to
primates, rabbits, rodents: bone marrow birds: bursa of Fabricius Ruminants, pigs, dogs: Peyer's patch
75
NK cells are released _____________ from the bone marrow Immature or mature
mature; ready to function
76
T/F NK cells are antigen specific
false just B and T cells
77
Do NK cells have memory
NO they are apart of the innate immunity
78
Differentiation in secondary lymphoid organ occurs when a _______, ___________ B or T cell meets its __________
mature, naïve antigen
79
B cells differentiate into effector ________________ that secrete antibody, or ____________ which are long lived clones of the cell
plasma cells memory cells
80
T cells in response to their antigen, differentiate into _________ or _____________
memory or effector cells
81
distribution of lymphocytes in the body: highest % location lowest % location
40% lymph nodes 2% blood
82
primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow Peyer's patch Bursa Thymus
83
____________ of lymphocytes takes place in primary lymphoid tissues-lymphocytes from bone marrow travel to these tissues to mature
maturation
84
large number of lymphocytes are located in the _____________ waiting to encounter their antigen this tissue increases chances of a lymphocyte meeting its antigen
secondary lymphoid tissue
85
lymphocyte rich tissue connected to lymphatic system, where adaptive immunity response to lymph-borne antigen is initiated
lymph nodes
86
site for adaptive immune response to blood borne antigens
spleen
87
where adaptive immune response to antigens invading from the mucosal surfaces is initiated
MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue)
88

Immunology (12 decks)

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