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Chys 2p10 > Lecture 1-3 > Flashcards

Lecture 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Science of Development?

A

A method of understanding the physical and mental world.

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2
Q

What are the goals of developmental scientists?

A
  1. Describe Development: Normative and Ideographic Development.
  2. Explain Development: Why do individuals develop differently?
  3. Optimize Development: Apply research findings to improve outcomes.
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3
Q

what is normative development?

A

Typical patterns of development

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4
Q

what is ideographic development?

A

Individual differences in development

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5
Q

What is a theory?

A

A scientific explanation for observations and facts (e.g., gravity).

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6
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A prediction derived from a theory that can be tested.

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7
Q

What is objective data?

A

Information gathered by direct observation or instruments.

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8
Q

What are experimental studies?

A

Purpose: Isolate the effect of independent variables on a dependent variable.
Control: All other variables are held constant to establish causality.

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9
Q

What are correlational studies?

A

Purpose: Examine relationships between variables without control.
Limitation: Causal inferences and the direction of causality cannot be determined.

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10
Q

What are descriptive studies?

A

Purpose: Gather observed data without analyzing variable relationships.
Limitation: Cannot predict or infer causality.

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11
Q

What are the data collection methods?

A
  1. Observational: Naturalistic or testing.
  2. Self-Report: Interviews or questionnaires.
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12
Q

What are the types of developmental research designs?

A
  1. Cross-Sectional: Study different age groups at the same time.
  2. Longitudinal: Observe the same participants over time.
  3. Sequential: Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
  4. Microgenetic: Focuses on short-term changes during development.
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13
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

Used to describe and summarize data in numerical terms.

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14
Q

What is the correlation coefficient?

A

Measures strength and direction of relationships between variables (ranges from -1 to 1).

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15
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

Used to determine the likelihood that a hypothesis is true.

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16
Q

What is statistical significance?

A

Conventionally, results must have a 95% likelihood of being true.

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17
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistency of measurement in repeated experiments.

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18
Q

What is validity?

A

Whether a study accurately measures what it intends to.

Face validity: if study measures what it desires to measure (face value).
Criterion validity: if it agrees with different measures used in other studies.

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19
Q

What are the components of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory?

A
  1. ID: Basic urges and desires.
  2. EGO: Rational decision-making.
  3. SUPEREGO: Moral conscience.
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20
Q

What are the stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 years)
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame (2-3 years)
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5 years)
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-13 years)
  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Adulthood)
  8. Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age)
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21
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

Behaviour is shaped by consequences (reward/punishment).

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22
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behaviours followed by positive outcomes are likely to recur.

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23
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

Focuses on learning through observation and imitation.

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24
Q

What is observational learning?

A

Children learn from internal models of observed behaviour, even without rewards.

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25
What is Piaget’s Theory?
Focuses on how thought structures evolve and build over time.
26
What is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?
Cognitive development results from social interactions. Language: Key tool for social and cognitive development.
27
What is Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory?
1. Microsystem: Immediate environment (family, peers). 2. Mesosystem: Interactions between microsystems. 3. Exosystem: External factors that indirectly affect the individual. 4. Macrosystem: Cultural context. 5. Chronosystem: How these systems change over time.
28
What is ethology?
Focuses on species-typical behaviours influenced by biological factors.
29
What are the four levels of inquiry in ethology?
1. Immediate (causation): Why behaviours happen. 2. Ontogenetic (developmental): How behaviours develop over time. 3. Functional (evolution): Purpose of behaviours. 4. Phylogenetic (historical): Evolutionary history of behaviours.
30
What is the scope of Evolutionary Developmental Science?
"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution" – Theodosius Dobzhansky.
31
What did Darwin contribute to evolution?
Developed the theory of natural and sexual selection.
32
What are the five components of natural selection?
1. More offspring are born than survive to reproduce. 2. Individuals vary in traits. 3. Certain traits increase chances of survival/reproduction. 4. These traits are heritable. 5. Environmental changes can lead to new species.
33
What is a common misconception about evolution?
Survival of the Fittest: Fitness = number of offspring, not physical strength.
34
What is the group selection fallacy?
Evolution acts on individuals, not groups.
35
What is a misconception about the progression of evolution?
Evolution does not always progress from simple to complex life forms.
36
What is the fit vs. unfit example?
A physically weak individual may have as many offspring as a healthy one, depending on resource availability.
37
How does evolution relate to individual behavior?
A zebra may not sacrifice itself for the herd; individual survival is prioritized for reproduction.
38
What is the misconception about higher vs. lower organisms?
Evolution moves toward complexity; it is random and can lead to simplicity or complexity.
39
What are key points of Evolutionary Psychology?
1. Domain-specific cognitive mechanisms. 2. Partially inheritable. 3. Solved problems in the E.E.A. (Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness). 4. Nurture and culture also influence mechanisms.
40
What are critiques of Evolutionary Psychology?
1. Doesn’t specify cognitive mechanisms. 2. Relies on guesses about the E.E.A. 3. May oversimplify human culture and environmental factors.
41
What is the deterministic fallacy?
Traits can change; evolution does not dictate unchangeable behaviors (e.g., male aggression).
42
What is the naturalistic fallacy?
Just because something is 'natural' doesn't mean it's morally good (e.g., war).
43
How is childhood viewed as an adaptation?
Childhood survival: Historically, ~50% of children died before adulthood.
44
What is the model of interaction between genes and environment?
Genotype: Genetic material inherited. Phenotype: Observable expression of genotype (e.g., behavior). Environment: Everything external to the genetic makeup.
45
What are genetic contributions from parents to child?
Genetic material passed as chromosomes (DNA sections).
46
What are alleles?
1. Dominant allele: expressed if present. 2. Recessive allele: not expressed if a dominant allele is present. 3. Homozygous: inherits two of the same alleles. 4. Heterozygous: inherits two different alleles.
47
What is sex determination?
Males = XY; Females = XX.
48
What is a male disadvantage in genetic disorders?
X-linked recessive disorders are more common in males due to fewer genes on the Y chromosome.
49
What are examples of genetic disorders?
Recessive genes: PKU, sickle-cell anemia. Dominant genes: Huntington’s disease. Sex-linked inheritance: Fragile-X syndrome, hemophilia. Errors in Meiosis: Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome.
50
What are genetic syndromes?
Some syndromes (e.g., dyslexia, autism) have genetic bases, but the mechanisms are not fully understood.
51
What is polygenic inheritance?
Most traits are governed by multiple genes. ## Footnote Example: Behavioral traits like intelligence or personality.
52
What is the case study of PKU?
PKU (Phenylketonuria) is caused by a defective gene, but its effects (mental retardation) can be prevented with a proper diet.
53
What are regulator genes?
Regulate when genes are 'switched on' or 'off' during development.
54
What is epigenetics?
Examines how genes and the environment together produce an organism.
55
What is the future of developmental studies?
It’s a reductionist but promising field.
56
What is human brain size in relation to body size?
Larger than expected for body size.
57
What is the encephalization quotient?
Measure of brain size relative to body.
58
What are the stages of brain development?
1. Neurogenesis 2. Migration 3. Differentiation 4. Synaptogenesis 5. Cell Death & Synaptic Pruning 6. Synaptic Rearrangement
59
Neurogenesis
Formation of neurons
60
migration
Movement of neurons to different brain areas.
61
Differentiation
neurons specialize
62
Synaptogenesis:
Creation of synapses (connections).
63
Cell Death & Synaptic Pruning
Elimination of extra neurons/synapses.
64
Synaptic Rearrangement:
Fine-tuning of brain wiring
65
What is neuroplasticity?
The brain's ability to change based on experience.
66
What is experience-expectant synaptogenesis?
Synapses form from species-typical experiences.
67
What is experience-dependent synaptogenesis?
Synapses form from individual experiences.
68
What is the Kennard Effect?
Younger brains tend to recover better from injuries.

Chys 2p10 (2 decks)

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