LECTURE 1-3 Flashcards by Nebat s

Which of the following best defines geography?
A. Study of historical human civilizations
B. Study of Earth’s weather patterns
C. Study of relationships among natural systems and human activity over space and time
D. Study of fossils and ancient life forms

C. Study of relationships among natural systems and human activity over space and time

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What are the five spatial themes in geography?
A. Earth, Water, Air, Fire, Space
B. Time, Movement, Energy, Society, Culture
C. Location, Region, Human-Earth Relationships, Movement, Place
D. Climate, Culture, Geology, Biodiversity, Population

C. Location, Region, Human-Earth Relationships, Movement, Place

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Which of the following is a branch of physical geography?
A. Sociology
B. Climatology
C. Immigration studies
D. Cultural studies

B. Climatology

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What is the focus of spatial analysis in geography?
A. Social relations in human groups
B. Patterns and processes over space and time
C. Political structures of nations
D. Economic disparities among countries

B. Patterns and processes over space and time

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What does the Gaia Hypothesis propose?
A. Earth will eventually be uninhabitable
B. Earth functions as a single, self-regulating organism
C. Life on Earth originated in outer space
D. Volcanoes control Earth’s climate

B. Earth functions as a single, self-regulating organism

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Which of the following best describes an open system?
A. A system where no matter enters or leaves
B. A system that exchanges energy and matter with its surroundings
C. A system that is isolated from external influence
D. A system that repeats the same process continuously

B. A system that exchanges energy and matter with its surroundings

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Which of the following is an example of a closed system?
A. Free-flowing river
B. Forest ecosystem
C. Earth
D. Weather system

C. Earth

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What type of feedback loop stabilizes a system?
A. Neutral feedback loop
B. Positive feedback loop
C. Negative feedback loop
D. Neutralizing feedback loop

C. Negative feedback loop

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What is albedo?
A. The reflection of heat by the ocean
B. A type of energy from the sun
C. A measure of reflectivity of a surface
D. A kind of weathering process

C. A measure of reflectivity of a surface

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Which of the following is not one of Earth’s four main subsystems?
A. Hydrosphere
B. Biosphere
C. Technosphere
D. Lithosphere

C. Technosphere

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The cryosphere is primarily composed of:
A. Vegetation
B. Ice
C. Volcanoes
D. Soil

B. Ice

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Abiotic components are:
A. Only found in the hydrosphere
B. Living components of ecosystems
C. Non-living parts of the environment
D. Human-made systems

C. Non-living parts of the environment

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Which of the following is not considered a natural limit?
A. Earth’s ability to absorb waste
B. Human creativity
C. Resource availability
D. Carrying capacity

B. Human creativity

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Which of the following is not a tool used in physical geography?
A. Remote Sensing
B. Cartography
C. Sociology
D. GIS

C. Sociology

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Latitude measures:
A. Distance from the sun
B. Distance north or south of the equator
C. Distance from the North Pole
D. Altitude

B. Distance north or south of the equator

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Longitude is measured from:
A. The equator
B. The Prime Meridian
C. The International Date Line
D. The Tropic of Cancer

B. The Prime Meridian

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Remote sensing can be used for all the following except:
A. Mapping vegetation change
B. Identifying rock types
C. Measuring economic inflation
D. Detecting floods or landslides

C. Measuring economic inflation

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GIS allows for:
A. Watching live volcanoes erupt
B. Creating three-dimensional maps of Mars
C. Layering information to analyze geographic data
D. Predicting future tectonic movements

C. Layering information to analyze geographic data

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Physical geography does not include which of the following?
A. Soils
B. Weather systems
C. Social policies
D. Water systems

C. Social policies

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An environment is defined as:
A. Just the natural world
B. The total of human influence
C. Everything surrounding an organism
D. Only the climate and atmosphere

C. Everything surrounding an organism

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Which term refers to non-human living components?
A. Abiotic
B. Biotic
C. Synthetic
D. Natural

B. Biotic

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Feedback loops are important in systems because they:
A. Always stabilize systems
B. Cause systems to become unpredictable
C. Influence the system through self-reinforcement or regulation
D. Are not part of natural systems

C. Influence the system through self-reinforcement or regulation

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Which of the following best represents a spatial theme of movement?
A. Plate tectonics
B. Animal migration
C. Regional dialects
D. Soil composition

B. Animal migration

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The method of geography is focused on:
A. Quantitative research
B. Spatial and temporal analysis
C. Historical documentation
D. Political theory

B. Spatial and temporal analysis

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Which of the following tools provides elevation data? A. GIS B. GPS C. Remote sensing D. Cartography

B. GPS

What is the theory of plate tectonics? A. The Earth is a hollow shell B. The Earth's crust is stationary C. The Earth’s lithosphere is broken into plates that float on the mantle D. Continents are fixed in position

C. The Earth’s lithosphere is broken into plates that float on the mantle

Which of the following rocks forms from cooling lava or magma? A. Sedimentary B. Metamorphic C. Igneous D. Fossiliferous

C. Igneous

What is the supercontinent proposed by Alfred Wegener? A. Laurasia B. Gondwana C. Pangaea D. Euramerica

C. Pangaea

What boundary type results in the formation of mid-ocean ridges? A. Convergent B. Transform C. Divergent D. Subductive

C. Divergent

Subduction zones often result in: A. Earthquakes only B. New ocean crust C. Volcanoes and mountain building D. Flat plains

C. Volcanoes and mountain building

Which boundary type causes the San Andreas Fault’s strike-slip movement? A. Divergent B. Convergent C. Transform D. Collisional

C. Transform

Where is most earthquake and volcanic activity found? A. Around the Atlantic Ocean B. In deserts C. Along the Pacific Ring of Fire D. In Antarctica

C. Along the Pacific Ring of Fire

What causes the Atlantic Ocean to widen over time? A. Plate subduction B. Sea-floor spreading C. Continental erosion D. Earthquakes

B. Sea-floor spreading

What is a pyroclastic flow? A. A lava river B. A slow-moving lava flow C. A high-density mix of hot gases and volcanic debris D. Underground magma flow

C. A high-density mix of hot gases and volcanic debris

The VEI measures: A. Lava temperature B. Gas emissions from volcanoes C. Volcanic explosivity D. Earthquake magnitude

C. Volcanic explosivity

What is a lahar? A. A lava lake B. A steam vent C. A volcanic mudflow D. A type of ash cloud

C. A volcanic mudflow

The Yellowstone caldera is an example of a: A. Shield volcano B. Hot spot volcano C. Collapse caldera D. Cinder cone

C. Collapse caldera

Andisols are fertile because they are derived from: A. Metamorphic rock B. Desert sands C. Volcanic ash D. Ocean sediments

C. Volcanic ash

An earthquake’s epicenter is: A. The source of magma B. Directly above the focus on the Earth’s surface C. Deep within Earth’s mantle D. The most damaged city

B. Directly above the focus on the Earth’s surface

The Richter scale is: A. Linear B. Logarithmic C. Circular D. Static

B. Logarithmic

Which region in Canada has the most seismic activity? A. Ontario B. Quebec C. Alberta D. British Columbia

D. British Columbia

Which factor does not influence earthquake danger? A. Human population density B. Weather conditions C. Earthquake magnitude D. Time of occurrence

B. Weather conditions

A tsunami is caused by: A. High tides B. Undersea earthquakes or landslides C. Erosion D. Tornadoes

B. Undersea earthquakes or landslides

What disaster occurred in Fukushima, Japan? A. Earthquake-triggered nuclear meltdown B. Hurricane C. Wildfire D. Volcanic eruption

A. Earthquake-triggered nuclear meltdown

How many earthquakes occur yearly in Southern California? A. Less than 50 B. About 100 C. Around 1,000 D. Over 10,000

D. Over 10,000

Which of these is not used to predict earthquakes? A. Laser beams B. Seismometers C. Measuring radon gas levels D. GPS navigation

D. GPS navigation

Fracking wastewater disposal may cause: A. Floods B. Volcanoes C. Earthquakes D. Hurricanes

C. Earthquakes

What type of energy release is measured by the Richter scale? A. Solar B. Chemical C. Seismic D. Thermal

C. Seismic

The "Big One" refers to: A. A volcanic eruption B. An expected major earthquake along the San Andreas Fault C. A tsunami in the Pacific D. A meteor impact

B. An expected major earthquake along the San Andreas Fault

Which of the following statements is true? A. Earthquakes cannot be induced by human activities B. Most earthquakes are caused by meteor impacts C. Dams can influence seismic activity D. All volcanoes are near the equator

C. Dams can influence seismic activity

What is geomorphology the study of? A. Oceans and currents B. Earth’s atmosphere C. Landform origin and development D. Biological evolution

C. Landform origin and development

Which is an example of an exogenic process? A. Earthquake B. Volcanic eruption C. Tectonic uplift D. Weathering

D. Weathering

Which process involves breaking down rock without moving it? A. Erosion B. Weathering C. Deposition D. Transportation

B. Weathering

Which of the following is a physical weathering process? A. Oxidation B. Hydrolysis C. Frost wedging D. Dissolution

C. Frost wedging

Salt-crystal weathering is common in which environment? A. Polar B. Arid C. Rainforest D. Mountainous

B. Arid

Chemical weathering includes all of the following except: A. Oxidation B. Hydration C. Frost action D. Hydrolysis

C. Frost action

What is karst topography caused by? A. Glacier erosion B. Wind abrasion C. Chemical weathering of limestone D. River deposition

C. Chemical weathering of limestone

What is a stalactite? A. A rock hanging from a cliff B. A cave wall C. A mineral formation hanging from a cave ceiling D. A sand dune

C. A mineral formation hanging from a cave ceiling

Which province is home to the Eramosa Karst? A. Alberta B. Quebec C. Ontario D. British Columbia

C. Ontario

Which term refers to downslope movement of soil or rock? A. Transport B. Denudation C. Mass movement D. Fluvial shift

C. Mass movement

Which type of mass movement is slow and persistent? A. Mudflow B. Rockfall C. Soil creep D. Debris avalanche

C. Soil creep

Which force initiates mass movement? A. Wind B. Precipitation C. Gravity D. Erosion

C. Gravity

Fluvial geomorphology is the study of: A. Mountains B. Deserts C. Streams and rivers D. Coral reefs

C. Streams and rivers

What is a drainage basin also known as? A. Delta B. Confluence C. Tributary D. Watershed

D. Watershed

What type of drainage pattern resembles tree branches? A. Rectangular B. Radial C. Dendritic D. Trellis

C. Dendritic

What process does not belong in fluvial systems? A. Erosion B. Transport C. Sublimation D. Deposition

C. Sublimation

What is a V-shaped valley formed by? A. Glacier erosion B. Wind deflation C. Fast-flowing river D. Earthquake faulting

C. Fast-flowing river

The Grand Canyon was formed primarily by: A. Tectonic uplift B. Wind erosion C. Volcanic activity D. River erosion

D. River erosion

Meandering rivers usually form in areas with: A. Steep slopes B. High elevation C. Low gradients and fine sediments D. Mountains

C. Low gradients and fine sediments

What is alluvium? A. Volcanic ash B. Wind-deposited soil C. Water-deposited sediment D. Frozen ground

C. Water-deposited sediment

A delta forms where a river meets: A. A glacier B. A mountain C. A standing body of water D. Another river

C. A standing body of water

What are estuaries known for? A. Harsh climates B. Dense forests C. High salinity D. Biodiversity and nursery habitats

D. Biodiversity and nursery habitats

Which of the following is the deepest part of the ocean? A. Mid-Atlantic Ridge B. Great Barrier Reef C. Mariana Trench D. Bermuda Triangle

C. Mariana Trench

What are yardangs formed by? A. Water deposition B. Wind abrasion C. Tectonic activity D. Glacial plucking

B. Wind abrasion

What process creates sand dunes? A. Erosion by rivers B. Wind deposition C. Lava flow D. Rain splash

B. Wind deposition

The most recent glacial period is known as: A. Holocene Epoch B. Pleistocene Epoch C. Miocene Epoch D. Jurassic Period

B. Pleistocene Epoch

Glaciers form when snow: A. Melts and refreezes at night B. Blows into valleys C. Recrystallizes under its own weight D. Evaporates and condenses

C. Recrystallizes under its own weight

What is firn? A. Frozen rock B. A type of volcanic ash C. Compacted snow transitioning to ice D. Melted glacier water

C. Compacted snow transitioning to ice

What defines a glacier? A. A large floating ice cube B. Icebergs in the sea C. A mass of ice that moves under its own weight D. A frozen river

C. A mass of ice that moves under its own weight

Alpine glaciers form in: A. Ocean basins B. Ice shelves C. Mountain ranges D. Deserts

C. Mountain ranges

The glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are: A. Valley glaciers B. Ice caps C. Continental ice sheets D. Icebergs

C. Continental ice sheets

What is an ice shelf? A. A supermarket term B. An ice formation inside caves C. Floating ice attached to a landmass D. Ice on mountaintops

C. Floating ice attached to a landmass

Which of the following is NOT a type of alpine glacier? A. Piedmont B. Valley C. Cirque D. Continental

D. Continental

Mass balance refers to: A. The weight of a glacier B. The net gain or loss of ice in a glacier C. Glacier density D. Ice hardness

B. The net gain or loss of ice in a glacier

The terminus of a glacier is its: A. Peak B. Depth C. Edge or end D. Flow direction

C. Edge or end

A glacier in equilibrium will: A. Recede rapidly B. Remain stable C. Explode D. Turn to firn

B. Remain stable

The zone where accumulation equals ablation is called the: A. Snowline B. Firnline C. Equilibrium line D. Ablation zone

C. Equilibrium line

Crevasses are: A. Ice-covered lakes B. Vertical cracks in glacier ice C. Meltwater channels D. Glacial erratics

B. Vertical cracks in glacier ice

Which process picks up rock and debris as a glacier moves? A. Sliding B. Plucking C. Sublimation D. Melting

B. Plucking

Glacial abrasion creates: A. Dust storms B. U-shaped valleys C. Polished surfaces and striations D. Kettle lakes

C. Polished surfaces and striations

A glacial erratic is: A. A glacial cave B. A large boulder transported by ice C. A glacial hill D. A frozen moraine

C. A glacial hill

A Roche Moutonnee is formed by: A. Wind erosion B. Glacial melting C. Glacial abrasion and plucking D. Volcanic eruption

C. Glacial abrasion and plucking

Which of the following landforms is associated with river valleys widened by glaciers? A. V-shaped valleys B. U-shaped valleys C. Ridges D. Sinkholes

B. U-shaped valleys

Moraines are formed by: A. Ice melting at mountain tops B. Water erosion C. Glacial deposition D. Volcanoes

C. Glacial deposition

A till plain is composed of: A. Wind-deposited sands B. Volcanic ash C. Unsifted glacial debris D. Water-laid sediments

C. Unsifted glacial debris

Drumlins are: A. Lakes formed by ice melt B. Teardrop-shaped hills from glacial flow C. Rock fractures D. Sand dunes

B. Teardrop-shaped hills from glacial flow

Which Ontario feature contains over 2000 drumlins? A. Niagara Escarpment B. Peterborough Field C. Bruce Peninsula D. Oak Ridges Moraine

B. Peterborough Field

Outwash plains form from: A. Glacier snowfall B. Ocean currents C. Meltwater from retreating glaciers D. Ice caps melting

C. Meltwater from retreating glaciers

What marks the ancient shoreline of Glacial Lake Iroquois in Toronto? A. Don Valley B. Scarborough Bluffs C. Dufferin Street D. Bloor Street

B. Scarborough Bluffs

Glacial melting contributes to: A. Forest growth B. Increased volcanic activity C. Freshwater supply loss D. Earthquake activity

C. Freshwater supply loss

Periglacial landscapes are shaped by: A. Wind B. Rainfall C. Freezing and thawing processes D. Lava flows

C. Freezing and thawing processes

Tundra is characterized by: A. Tropical vegetation B. Sandy deserts C. Treeless plains with moss and dwarf shrubs D. Mountainous forests

C. Treeless plains with moss and dwarf shrubs

What is permafrost? A. Icebergs floating at sea B. Soil that thaws in summer C. Ground frozen for 2+ years D. Thick snowpack

C. Ground frozen for 2+ years

Which term refers to soil that thaws each summer above permafrost? A. Talik B. Bedrock C. Ice lens D. Active layer

D. Active layer

What is talik? A. A type of moss B. Frozen ocean layer C. Unfrozen ground within permafrost D. Volcanic sediment

C. Unfrozen ground within permafrost

Why is thawing permafrost a climate concern? A. It cools the planet B. It absorbs radiation C. It releases stored carbon dioxide D. It stops erosion

C. It releases stored carbon dioxide

What is soil? A. Groundwater B. Rock only C. Mixture of minerals, organic matter, air and water D. Just decayed plants

C. Mixture of minerals, organic matter, air and water

Which layer is richest in organic matter? A. A horizon B. B horizon C. C horizon D. O horizon

D. O horizon

The A horizon is also known as: A. Subsoil B. Regolith C. Topsoil D. Bedrock

C. Topsoil

Eluviation refers to: A. Organic accumulation B. Mineral breakdown C. Downward transport of material D. Upward water movement

C. Downward transport of material

Illuviation is: A. Loss of nutrients B. Movement of water upward C. Accumulation of materials in lower soil layers D. Erosion of the soil

C. Accumulation of materials in lower soil layers

What is the lowest layer in a soil profile? A. Bedrock (R) B. Topsoil (A) C. Regolith (C) D. Eluviation (E)

A. Bedrock (R)

Loam is a mixture of: A. Clay and gravel B. Clay, sand, and silt C. Rocks and humus D. Limestone and clay

B. Clay, sand, and silt

High porosity in soil means it can: A. Store heat B. Support trees C. Hold air and water D. Retain nutrients only

C. Hold air and water

Desertification results from: A. Overwatering B. Forest fires C. Deforestation and poor agriculture D. Glacial retreat

C. Deforestation and poor agriculture

Slash and burn agriculture is problematic because: A. It pollutes rivers B. It destroys homes C. It quickly depletes nutrients in soil D. It cools the land

C. It quickly depletes nutrients in soil

What is biochar used for? A. Crop burning B. Soil improvement C. Killing weeds D. Pest control

B. Soil improvement

No-till farming helps to: A. Increase yield B. Reduce weeds C. Prevent erosion and retain nutrients D. Harvest faster

C. Prevent erosion and retain nutrients

Crop rotation prevents: A. Soil formation B. Monoculture and degradation C. Water runoff D. Excessive tilling

B. Monoculture and degradation

Fallow land is: A. Used for grazing B. Flooded intentionally C. Left uncultivated to restore fertility D. Covered in asphalt

C. Left uncultivated to restore fertility

Which layer is the “regolith”? A. R B. A C. C D. B

C. C

Soil that is compacted can reduce: A. Water runoff B. Root growth and air flow C. Microbial life D. Surface erosion

B. Root growth and air flow

The Canadian soil classification system begins at the level of: A. Family B. Group C. Order D. Series

C. Order

What does aeration of soil do? A. Prevents photosynthesis B. Increases erosion C. Allows air and nutrients to penetrate D. Kills microbes

C. Allows air and nutrients to penetrate

Which of the following is a soil degradation threat? A. Nutrient cycling B. Organic farming C. Urbanization D. Biochar use

C. Urbanization

Which of the following correctly represents the hierarchical order of the Canadian System of Soil Classification from broadest to most specific? A. Series → Family → Group → Order B. Order → Group → Family → Series C. Group → Series → Order → Family D. Family → Order → Group → Series

B. Order → Group → Family → Series

LECTURE 1-3 Flashcards

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