Lecture 1 3/31/25

Question 1

Which teeth are considered the carnassials for the maxilla and mandible?

Answer 1

maxilla: PM4
mandible: M1

Question 2

What is the primary/deciduous dental formula in dogs?

Answer 2

2x [ i 3/3 c 1/1 pm 3/3]; 28 total teeth

Question 3

What is the secondary/adult dental formula in dogs?

Answer 3

2x [ i 3/3 c 1/1 pm 4/4 m 2/3]; 42 total teeth

Question 4

What is the primary/deciduous dental formula in cats?

Answer 4

2x [ i 3/3 c 1/1 pm 3/2]; 26 total teeth

Question 5

What is the secondary/adult dental formula in cats?

Answer 5

2x [i 3/3 c 1/1 pm 3/2 m 1/1]; 30 total teeth

Question 6

What are the typical eruption times for canine deciduous teeth?

Answer 6

incisors: 3 weeks
canines: 4 weeks
premolars: 6 weeks

Question 7

What are the typical eruption times for canine permanent teeth?

Answer 7

incisors: 3 months
canines: 4 months
premolars: 6 months
molars: 8 months

Question 8

What are the typical eruption times for feline deciduous teeth?

Answer 8

incisors: 2 to 3 weeks
canines: 3 to 4 weeks
premolars: 3 to 6 weeks

Question 9

What are the typical eruption times for feline permanent teeth?

Answer 9

incisors: 3 to 4 months
canines: 4 to 5 months
premolars: 4 to 6 months
molars: 4 to 5 months

Question 10

Which teeth have one root in the dog?

Answer 10

-maxillary and mandibular incisors
-maxillary and mandibular canines
-maxillary and mandibular PM1
-mandibular M3

Question 11

Which teeth have one root in the cat?

Answer 11

-maxillary and mandibular incisors
-maxillary and mandibular canines
-maxillary PM2
-maxillary M1 (may have 1 or 2)

Question 12

Which teeth have two roots in the dog?

Answer 12

-maxillary and mandibular PM2
-maxillary and mandibular PM3 (max. may have 2 or 3)
-mandibular PM4
-mandibular M1
-mandibular M2

Question 13

Which teeth have two roots in the cat?

Answer 13

-maxillary and mandibular PM3 (max. may have 2 or 3)
-mandibular PM4
-mandibular M1

Question 14

Which teeth have three roots in the dog?

Answer 14

-maxillary PM4
-maxillary M1
-maxillary M2

Question 15

Which teeth have three roots in the cat?

Answer 15

maxillary PM4

Question 16

What are the directional terms used for the mandibular dental arcade?

Answer 16

-mesial if towards the median plane
-distal if away from the median plane
-labial if towards the lip (canines and incisors)
-buccal if towards the cheek (premolars and molars)
-lingual if towards the tongue
-apical if towards the tooth root
-coronal if towards the tooth crown

Question 17

What are the directional terms used for the maxillary dental arcade?

Answer 17

-mesial if towards the median plane
-distal if away from the median plane
-labial if towards the lip (canines and incisors)
-buccal if towards the cheek (premolars and molars)
-palatal if towards the hard palate
-apical if towards the tooth root
-coronal if towards the tooth crown

Question 18

What are the anatomic components of each tooth?

Answer 18

-crown: above gumline
-neck: connects crown to root
-root: contains pulp canals
-apex: tip of each root
-furcation: where each root meets
-pulp cavity: in the neck and root

Question 19

What are the tissue layers of each tooth?

Answer 19

-enamel
-cementum
-dentin
-pulp

Question 20

What are the characteristics of enamel?

Answer 20

-covers tooth crown
-hardest substance in body
-96% mineral by weight
-produced by ameloblasts
-not living; no regenerative capacity
-effective barrier to heat/cold sensitivity and bacterial entrance to tooth

Question 21

What are the characteristics of cementum?

Answer 21

-covers outer surface of root
-50% inorganic/hydroxyapatite, 50% organic
-produced by cementoblasts at root apex
-living tissue; produced continuously
-periodontal lig. attaches to cementum
-loss of cementum prevents reattachment of periodontal lig.

Question 22

What are the characteristics of dentin?

Answer 22

-makes up bulk of tooth
-underneath enamel and cementum
-roughly 70% mineral, 20% organic, and 10% water
-produced by odontoblasts throughout life of tooth; living tissue

Question 23

What are the types of dentin?

Answer 23

-primary dentin: present at eruption
-secondary dentin: added continuously
-tertiary dentin: formed as result of wear or minor trauma

Question 24

What are the characteristics of pulp?

Answer 24

-contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and other specialized cells
-narrows with age

Question 25

What are the components of the pulp?

Answer 25

-pulp chamber: pulp within crown -pulp horns: pulp extending coronally within crown -root canal: pulp within root

Question 26

What are the supporting structures of the tooth?

Answer 26

-cementum -periodontal lig. -alveolar bone -gingiva

Question 27

What are the characteristics of the periodontal ligament?

Answer 27

-connective tissue which fills space between tooth/cementum and alveolar bone -composed of Sharpey's fibers/collagen bundles in various shapes/orientations

Question 28

What are the functions of the periodontal lig.?

Answer 28

-supports tooth within alveolus -shock absorption -supplies nutrients -protects underlying tissue from bacterial invasion -provides tactile and proprioceptive information

Question 29

What are the two components of alveolar bone?

Answer 29

-alveolar bone proper/lamina dura -supporting alveolar bone/trabecular bone

Question 30

What are the two junctions of the gingiva?

Answer 30

-junctional epithelium: attachment of gingiva at bottom of gingival sulcus -mucogingival junction: junction between soft/apical gingiva and tough/coronal gingiva

Question 31

Which gingival junction can a probe pass to normally, and which can only be reached with disease?

Answer 31

normally: can pass up to junctional epithelium disease: can pass into mucogingival junction

Question 32

What is the gingival sulcus?

Answer 32

space between free gingiva and tooth

Question 33

What is free gingiva?

Answer 33

gingiva unattached from gingival sulcus to gingival margin

Question 34

What is attached gingiva?

Answer 34

gingiva bound to periosteum from mucogingival junction

Question 35

What is the first number assigned to each quadrant in the modified triadan system?

Answer 35

1: upper right permanent 2: upper left permanent 3: lower left permanent 4: lower right permanent 5: upper right primary 6: upper left primary 7: lower left primary 8: lower right primary

Question 36

What is the rule of 4 and 9?

Answer 36

-canine teeth always have a modified triadan number of x04 -first molars always have a modified triadan number of x09

Question 37

How does the modified triadan number system count in dogs?

Answer 37

central incisor on each side starts as x01; count without skipping numbers

Question 38

What is different about the modified triadan number system in cats?

Answer 38

teeth that do not erupt in the cat that do erupt in the dog are skipped; for example, cats do not have x05 and x06 teeth on the mandible

Question 39

What are the clinical signs of dental disease?

Answer 39

-halitosis*** -swelling/draining tracts -nasal discharge -discomfort -anorexia (uncommon)

Question 40

What is evaluated on the oral exam?

Answer 40

-occlusion -number of teeth -color changes -evidence of fracture -gingivitis -tartar -masses -lymph nodes -salivary glands

Question 41

What is the normal occlusion?

Answer 41

scissor bite

Question 42

What is mandibular distoclusion?

Answer 42

-mandibular arch occludes caudal to normal -overbite

Question 43

What is mandibular mesioclusion?

Answer 43

-mandibular arch occludes rostral to normal -underbite

Question 44

What are the disorders of teeth number?

Answer 44

-anodontia: absence of teeth -oligodontia: only a few teeth present -hypodontia: missing one to a few teeth -hyperdontia: supernumerary teeth

Question 45

What can cause extrinsic staining of the teeth?

Answer 45

-plaque/calculus -debris

Question 46

What can cause intrinsic staining of the teeth?

Answer 46

-drug therapy with tetracycline -enamel hypoplasia from canine distemper infection -pulpitis (single discolored tooth)

Question 47

What are the fracture classifications?

Answer 47

-enamel infraction -enamel fracture -uncomplicated crown fracture -complicated crown fracture -uncomplicated crown-root fracture -complicated crown-root fracture -root fracture

Question 48

What is the gingivitis index?

Answer 48

0: normal 1: marginal, minimal inflammation 2: moderate, wide inflammation 3: advanced to mucogingival line

Question 49

What is the tartar index?

Answer 49

0: no tartar/calculus 1: scattered/mild 2: 1/3 to 2/3 of tooth surface is covered/moderate 3: > 2/3 of tooth surface is covered/severe

Question 50

What is the mobility index?

Answer 50

0: up to 0.2 mm 1: 0.2 to 0.5 mm 2: 0.5 to 1 mm 3: > 1 mm or any axial movement

Question 51

What is the furcation involvement index?

Answer 51

1: probe extends less than halfway under crown 2: probe extends greater than halfway under crown 3: probe extends through and through

Question 52

How deep is the periodontal sulcus in dogs and cats?

Answer 52

dogs: 1 to 3 mm cats: 0.5 to 1 mm

Question 53

What are the most common malignant oral masses in dogs?

Answer 53

1. melanoma 2. SCC 3. fibrosarcoma

Question 54

What are the most common malignant oral masses in cats?

Answer 54

1. SCC (by a lot) 2. fibrosarcoma 3. melanoma

Question 55

What is gingival hyperplasia?

Answer 55

-gingival enlargement -predisposed in boxers -seen with cyclosporine and amlodipine use

Question 56

What are dentigerous cysts?

Answer 56

cysts arising from tooth remants

Question 57

What is an epulis?

Answer 57

gingival mass, typically arising from periodontal lig.