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Biochemistry Lecture 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

disease

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2
Q

PKU caused by genetic defect in

A

phenylalinine hydroxylase

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3
Q

genetic defect in phenylalinine hydroxylase causes

A

elevated levels of phenylalanine

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4
Q

accumulation of phenylalanine or metabolites in early life can affect

A

normal development of brain —> mental retardation

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5
Q

biochemical studies contribute to the

A

understanding, diganosis, treatment of disease

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6
Q

aspartame

A

dipeptide: aspartate

methyl ester: phenylalanine

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7
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

abnormality of glucose metabolism

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8
Q

abnormality of glucose metabolism in diabetes mellitus results in

A

elevated blood glucose levels

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9
Q

yogurt produced via

A

fermentation of carbohydrate in milk by bacterium

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10
Q

bacterium responsible for fermentation of carb in milk to produce yogurt

A

lactobacillus bulgaricus

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11
Q

beer produced by

A

ethanol fermentation of carbs in cereal grains by yeast

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12
Q

yogurt fermentation by

A

bacterium

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13
Q

beer fermentation by

A

yeast

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14
Q

biochemistry is science dealing with chemistry of

A

living matter

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15
Q

characteristics of living organisms (4)

A
  1. complexity
  2. extraction, transformation, systematic use of energy to create and maintain structures and do work
  3. sense and respond to changes in surroundings
  4. self-replication + evolution
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16
Q

features shared by living organisms (4)

A
  1. cells
  2. macromolecule
  3. metabolites
  4. metabolic processes
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17
Q

macromolecule e.g.

A

proteins; DNA

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18
Q

metabolites e.g.

A

glucose

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19
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria
archaea
eukarya

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20
Q

bacteria and archaea in common

A

no nuclear envelopes

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21
Q

eukarya, in contrast to bacteria and archaea

A

nuclear envelopes

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22
Q

universal building block

A

cell

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23
Q

living organisms are made of

A

cells

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24
Q

simplest living organisms are ____ celled

A

single

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25
larger organisms consist of
many cells with different functions
26
nucleus only in
eukaryotes
27
nucleoid in
bacteria, archaea
28
nucleus and nucleoid
contain genetic material - DNA + proteins
29
difference between nucleus and nucleoid
nucleus is membrane enclosed
30
plasma membrane - composition
tough, flexible lipid bilayer
31
plasma membrane is selectively permeable to
polar substances
32
plasma membrane includes membrane protieins that function in
transport, signal reception, as enzymes
33
cytoplasm
aqueous cell contents | suspended particles & organelles
34
if cell is in centrifuge at 150,000 g - separates into
supernatant | pellet
35
supernatant composed of
``` cytosol: conc. solution of enzymes RNA monomeric subunits metabolites inorganic ions ```
36
pellet composed of
``` particles and organelles: ribosomes storage granules mitochondria chloroplasts lysosomes ER ```
37
bacterial cell components
``` ribosomes nucleoid pili flagella cell envelope ```
38
ribosomes (bacteria)
smaller than eukaryotic counterparts | same fxn - protein synthesis from mRNA
39
nucleoid (bacteria)
single, simple, long circular DNA molecule
40
cell envelope (bacteria)
varies with type of bacteria
41
pili (bacteria)
provide points of adhesion to surface of other cells
42
flagella (bacteria)
propel cell through surroundings
43
eukaryotic cell components
``` nucleus ribosomes peroxisomes cytoskeleton lysosome transport vesicle golgi complex smooth ER rough ER mitochondria plasma membrane nucleolus nuclear envelope ```
44
nucleus (euk)
contains genes (chromatin)
45
nuclear envelope (euk)
segregates chromatin (DNA + protein) from cytoplasm
46
nucleolus (euk)
site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
47
plasma membrane (euk)
separates cell from environment | regulates movement of materials into and out of cell
48
mitochondrion (euk)
oxidizes fuels to produce ATP
49
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) (euk)
site of protein synthesis
50
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) (euk)
site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism
51
golgi complex (euk)
processes, packages, targets proteins to other organelles/for export
52
transport vesicles (euk)
shuttles lipids and proteins bw ER, golgi, plasma membrane
53
lysosomes (euk)
degrades intracellular debris
54
cytoskeleton (euk)
supports cell, aids in movement of organelles
55
peroxisomes (euk)
oxidize fatty acids
56
ribosomes (euk)
protein-synthesizing machines
57
plant cell components
``` plasma membrane mitochondrion RER nucleolus SER ribosomes cytoskeleton golgi complex cell wall glyoxysome plasmodesma vacuole cell wall thylakoids starch granule chloroplast ```
58
cell components in plant cells NOT in euk
``` chloroplast starch granule thylakoids cell wall cell wall of adjacent cell vacuole plasmodesma glyoxysome ```
59
glyoxysome (plant)
contains enzymes of glyoxylate cycle
60
plasmodesma (plant)
provides path between two plant cells
61
vacuole (plant)
degrades, recycles macromolecules, stores metabolites
62
cell wall (plant)
provides shape and rigidity; protects cell from osmotic swelling
63
thylakoids (plant)
site of light driven ATP synthesis
64
starch granule (plant)
temporarily stores carb products of photosynthesis
65
chloroplast (plant)
harvests sunlight, produces ATP and carbs
66
typical mammalian cells have more/greater ____ than typical bacterium
``` proteins phospholipids other lipids volume relative volume ```
67
typical bacteria cell has more/greater ___ than typical mammalian cell
RNA | DNA
68
proteins, polysaccharides, DNA, RNA examples of
macromolecules
69
lipids are not considered
macromolecules
70
____ and ___ comprise most of mass of mammalian and bacterial cells
water | protein
71
subunits of macromolecules, e.g.
sugar amino acid nucleotide
72
sugar is subunit of
polysaccharide (macromolecule)
73
amino acid is subunit of
protein (macromolecule)
74
nucleotide is subunit of
nucleic acid (macromolecule)`
75
bacterial cell composition breakdown (%)
30% chemicals, 70% water
76
chemicals in bacterial cell, percent composition
``` ions, small molecules (4%) phospholipids (2%) DNA (1%) RNA (6%) proteins (15%) polysaccharides (2%) ```
77
proteins
polymers of amino acids
78
examples of proteins
enzymes, structural elements, signal receptors
79
nucleic acids
DNA, RNA, polymers of nucleotides
80
examples of function of nucleic acids
storing and transmitting genetic information
81
polysaccharides
polymers of simple sugars
82
examples of functions of polysaccharides
energy-rich fuel stores | structural components of cell walls (plants, bacteria)
83
lipids
water-insoluble hydrocarbon derivative
84
examples of functions of lipids
structural components of membranes, energy-rich fuel stores

Biochemistry Lecture 1 (1 decks)

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