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Developmental Biology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

zygote

A

single cell

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2
Q

development continues ________

A

throughout life

generate new blood cells, liver cells, etc

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3
Q

metamorphosis

A

larvae to adult

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4
Q

regeneration

A

replace amputated or removed organs or limbs

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5
Q

genomic (nuclear) equivalence

A

each cell has the same complement of DNA

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6
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

each cell has the ability to form the entire embryo plus fetal placenta

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7
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

each cell has the ability to form all the embryonic structure

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8
Q

committed stem cells

A

can give rise to subsets of cell types

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9
Q

progenitor (precursor)

A

no longer stem cells

give rise to very specific types of cells yet can still be considered general

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10
Q

pluripotent stem cell form the

A

embryo

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11
Q

totipotent stem cells form the

A

embryo and fetal placenta

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12
Q

committed stem cells can give rise to

A

subsets of cell types

i.e. hemangioblasts- blood vessels blood cells and lymphocytes.

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13
Q

invagination occurs at

A

the vegetal pole

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14
Q

embryonic movement eventually lead to the formation of all three germs layers

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

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15
Q

egg and sperm are

A

gametes

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16
Q

most animals have a clear separation of ______ and ______ early in development

A

germ cells, somatic cells

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17
Q

some animals ______ can become ______ even in adults

A

somatic cells can become germ cells

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18
Q

accessory cells

A

contribute to oogonium

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19
Q

primordial cells _________

A

make their way to the gonads, and are not formed there.

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20
Q

syngamy

A

sperm is in egg, but nuclei are not fused together yet

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21
Q

after meiosis 1

A

germinal vesicle

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22
Q

after meiosis 2

A

pronucleus

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23
Q

holoblastic cleavage

A

cells cleave completely into 2 cells

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24
Q

meroblastic cleavage

A

cells do not cleave completely

occurs in both telolecithal and centrolecithal eggs

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25
eggs with yolk
cleave more slowly and unevenly
26
spermiogenesis
maturation of spermatids to spermatozoon | histones replaced by protamines
27
head of sperm contains
pronucleus, acrosome
28
midpiece of sperm contains
2 centrioles which are micro tubular organizing center for microtubules of flagella also contain mitochondria
29
blastocoel
hollow section of blastula
30
blastula
hollow sphere formed by blastomeres surrounding blastocoel
31
types of cell division
holoplastic, meroblastic, superficial, radial, spiral
32
holoblastic cleavage
isolecithal and mesolecithal eggs | seen in species with low to moderate yolk content
33
radial cleavage
echinoderms and amphibians
34
spiral cleavage
annelids, mulluscs, and flatworms | has no blastocoel
35
bilateral cleavage
tunicates
36
rotational cleavage
mammals and nematodes blastocoel formed by fluid secreted by trophoblasts entire structure is called blastocyst
37
cleavage process controlled by
maternal effect factors
38
cleavage of an egg eventually forms a
blastula
39
128 cell stage
a blastula is formed
40
mammals can divide cells __________
assymetrically, (i.e. 2-3-4 cells) only mammals
41
spiral cleavage occurs in
snails | cleavage planes are at oblique angles to animal-vegetal axis
42
no blastocoel=
stereoblastula (in spiral cleavage)
43
blastocyst
mammalian equivalent of a blastula but is different because it has internal cells
44
discoidal (telolecithal) cleavage
fish reptiles and birds
45
superficial (centrolecithal) cleavage
most insects
46
birds cleavage
discoidal cleavage | restricted to small disc of yolk free cytoplasm
47
discoidal cleavage in egg forms
blastoderm
48
cells in center of blastoderm
area pellucida | 1 cell thick
49
cells around center of blastoderm
area opaca | 5-6 cells thick
50
new cells produced from the area opaque and pellucida form
lower layer called hypoblast upper layer is epiblast in between the two layers is blastocoel
51
single cell with multiple nuclei
syncytium
52
nuclei migrate to the cell surface and divide 2 more times producing
syncytial blastoderm
53
nuclei at the posterior end form membranes creating
pole cells
54
membranes form around pole cells producing
cellular blastoderm
55
superficial cleavage
multiple nuclei in a single cell form multiple cells along the membrane no blastocoel
56
cellularization
the process by which cell membranes form around the nuclei
57
pattern of reaggregation
cells of embryo when scattered would realign to for the same layers as would typically be found in the embryo
58
convergent extension
simultaneous narrowing and lengthening of a sheet of cells. brought about by intercalation of cells
59
ingression
migration of individual cells from surface layer to the interior of embryo
60
invagination
movement of a sheet of cells into the interior of the embryo, forming a pocket which has an opening to the surface
61
involution
folding of a sheet of cells under itself. The sheet then spreads over the internal surface of the cells that remain on the outside.
62
epiboly
spreading of a sheet of cells to enclose underlying layers. It is brought about by increase in cell numbers (cell division) flattening of cells or intercalation of subsurface cells into the surface layer
63
delamination
splitting of a layer of cells into 2 layers
64
condensation
to form an aggregate is often a prelude to the formation of structures, for example the somites, or the skeletal elements of the limbs. Condensation arises partly by increased local cell division, partly by reduction of local matrix secretion, and partly by increased cell to cell adhesion
65
cavitation
a fluid-filled space can be hollowed out from a solid mass of cells by cell rearrangement, as in secondary neurulation, or by apoptosis of the cells in the interior
66
epithelial to Mesenchymal transitions
occur whenever cells leave an epithelium and move off as individuals or as a mesenchymal mass
67
planar cell polarity
acquisition of a polarity by cell in an epithelium in the direction of the plane of the epithelium

Developmental Biology (10 decks)

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