Lecture 1 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Humans are members of the group called…
vertebrata
What does it mean to be in the group called Vertebrata?
“backboned” animals
Humans are classified as…
chordates
Embryo germ layers:
Ectoderm: outerMesoderm: middleEndoderm: inner
Anatomy:Types of anatomy:
-name and location of structure-Gross anatomy: macro (dissections)-Histology: micro (tissues)
Homeostatic regulatory mechanism:
-Receptor: sensor sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change-Control center: receives and processes info supplied by the receptor and sends out commands-Effector: cell or organ that responds to the commands or the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus
-Homeostasis: -Autoregulation: -Extrinsic regulation:
-Homeostasis: stable internal environment-Autoregulation: process that occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change-Extrinsic regulation: process that results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system
Equilibrium:Dynamic equilibrium:
-Opposing processes or forces are in balance-Physiological functions are continually adapting and adjusting to changing conditions
ProximalDistalMedialLateralCranial/Cephalic/SuperiorCaudal/InferiorSuperficialDeepAnterior/VentralPosterior/Dorsal
Proximal: toward point of attachmentDistal: away from point of attachmentMedial: toward the midlineLateral: away from midlineCranial/Cephalic/Superior: toward headCaudal/Inferior: toward tailSuperficial: close to surfaceDeep: away from surfaceAnterior/Ventral: frontPosterior/Dorsal: back
Frontal plane:Sagittal plane:Transverse plane:
Frontal plane: coronal; front half and back halfSagittal plane: left half and right half (median sagittal = actual middle. Parasagittal = off the mid-line)Transverse plane: cross-section; top half and bottom half
Difference between Epithelial pattern and Mesenchymal pattern:
Epithelial: more organizedMesenchymal: loose, unorganized
Notochord:
-Slender, fibrous, longitudinal rod-Embryologically derived from mesoderm (specific = chordamesoderm)-Dorsal to the coelom (body cavity)-Ventral to the CNS-Provides stiffness to the animal-Primitive function replaced by vertebral column
Pharyngeal slits:
-Walls of pharynx are pierced or almost pierced (pharyngeal pouches)-In fish, gills form next to pharyngeal “slits”-Probably functioned in feeding and/or respiration in early chordates
Endostyle:Thyroid gland:
-Endostyle: ciliated groove in the floor of the mouth; present in early chordates-Thyroid gland: present in more advanced chordates
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube:
-CNS in chordates develops embryologically from ectoderm (specific = neural ectoderm)-During neurulation, ectoderm rolls up, leaving a hollow core-Your spinal cord has a small canal down the center (neurocoel)
Post-anal tail:
-Tail extending beyond the anus-Primarily for swimming in lower chordates-Coccyx
Segmented body musculature:
-Blocks of muscle-Arranged along the length of the body
6 features of chordates:
- Notochord2. Pharyngeal slits3. Endostyle or thyroid gland4. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube5. Postanal tail6. Segmented body musculature
