Lecture 1 Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
What is virtues
A
is being informed by personal, professional and societal values
2
Q
What is ethical skills
A
techniques or abilities required for ethical SW/HS practice
3
Q
What is ethical knowledge
A
understanding theories and concepts of ethical practice
4
Q
What are values
A
Beliefs about what is good or desirable
5
Q
What do values do
A
Guides our choices and motivate our actions
6
Q
Knowledge-based values
A
I value eating nutritious food and exercising because its the best way to feel healthy
7
Q
Aesthetics-based values
A
I prefer letting in the natural light rather than switching on the fluorescent light.
8
Q
Morals-based values
A
I believe that by acting in a trustworthy way my work colleagues will be more likely to trust me.
9
Q
What does “group” together mean
A
people who share a common interest
10
Q
How does value impact
A
People prioritise values in different ways; conflict can occur even between people who essentially have similar beliefs
11
Q
Where do our morals come from
A
different sources depending on our experiences and have different meanings
12
Q
What are the commonly held values
A
- Acceptance
- Tolerance
- Individuality
- Self-determination
- Confidentiality
13
Q
What are helping values in the H/S
A
- Pragmatism
- Competence
- Respect
- Genuineness
- Client self-responsibility
14
Q
Core/foundational values of S/W & H/S practice
A
Valuing:
- humanity
- positive change
- choice
- quality service
- privacy
- difference and diversity
- the environment
15
Q
Whats morality’s role in ethics
A
morality, values and ethics are intertwined. Morality sits within ethics like a yolk within an egg
16
Q
Ethical theories
A
have been developed to explain, explore and address conflicts in moral values
17
Q
What are ethics?
A
Ethics are values in action
18
Q
What are the 3 levels of ethics?
A
METAETHICS
NORMATIVE ETHICS
APPLIED ETHICS
19
Q
Metaethics
A
concern with broad philosophical concepts. Is there such a thing as love? What are virtues?
20
Q
Normative Ethics
A
concerned with application of moral concepts to daily problems (is it right to breach confidence in this situation? Is it acceptable to lie to protect someone else?
21
Q
Applied Ethics
A
refers to particular areas of interest. e.g. euthanasia, animal rights etc.
22
Q
Ethics is concerned about…
A
What is right or wrong, just or unjust, good or bad or harmful. And who or what it is good to be (virtues)
23
Q
Normative
A
(Ethics) is about what we ought to do
24
Q
In essence ethics has to do with…
A
• Rights • Responsibilities • Duties • Obligations (Ethics can be disorientating)
25
Moral philosophy and Ethical Theory
* Functions of ethical theory
* Provide competing visions of the world
* Based on different perspectives
* Give different sets of individuals ethical standing
* Provide ways of justifying what we do
26
Deontology (duty-based Kantian ethics)
establishes that the rightness or wrongness of actions depends on duty. Based on the premise that humans are rational with capacity for reason
27
Categorical Imperatives
are unconditional universal commands (thou shall not kill)
28
Divine Command Theory
do actions correspond to God's commands
29
Deontologists: Rule based- actions are right or wrong regardless of consequences. Concerned with...
...intentions instead of consequences.
* Actions are morally worthy despite the chance of consequences if they are done for the sake of duty.
* The ends do not justify the means
30
Whose the father of Kantianism
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
31
Utilitarianism (teleological theory)
home to the phrase the greatest good for the greatest number- what is in the public good?
*weighs pleasure over pain
32
Act utilitarianism
weigh consequences of actions
33
Rule utilitarianism
nominate rules (politics justify their actions by using greatest good rationales)
34
Consequentialists/teleologists
interested in the consequences, ends can justify the means
35
Utilitarians
greatest good for the greatest number
36
Fathers of Consequentialists/teleologists
```
Jeremy Betham (1748-1832)
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
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37
Virtue Ethicists asks...
*what kind of person should I be instead of what should i do.
38
Virtue Ethicists is interested in...
cultivating virtues (strengths and excellences of character) and eliminate vices (weaknesses of character)
39
Virtue Ethicists is concerned with...
promoting human flourishing through character.
| Virtues: loyalty, honesty, compassion, courage etc.
40
What is Aristotle golden mean?
the desirable middle between two extremes one of excess and the other of deficiency.
Example:
• Defect BALANCE Excess
• Cowardice COURAGE Rashness
• Humility MODESTY Pride
• Indecisive SELF-CONTROL Impulsive
41
Contractarian ethicists
* protect the human, civil, political and legal status of an individual through a social contract
* Use of rights and social justice
42
Communitarian Ethicists
* Beyond Individualism to consider the social context
* Collective ethics and social responsibility
* How do we act and be for a common good?
43
Feminist Ethic of Care
* where the quality of the relationship and gender impacts
* Do women act in different ways as moral agents?
* Asks ‘what does a caring response require’?
44
Ethics of Justice
* Key value: separation of persons
* Appeal to: principles
* Focus on: social contract, duty, individual freedoms, ranked order of values
45
Ethics of Care
* Key value: interconnectedness
* Appeal to: relationships
* Focus on: cooperation, communication, caring, relationships between people
* Point of Controversy
46
Ethical Relativism
Denies existence of absolute moral standards; rejection of fixed moral rules; ethical decisions justified on the basis of context and consequences
47
Ethical absolutism
Moral standards are universal and objective; ethical rules can be formulated and can hold under all circumstances
48
Moral Pluralism
The belief that there are multiple perspectives on an issue, each of which contains part of the truth but none of which contains the whole truth
• Compatible with post-modern perspectives
49
Ethical principles
* Ethical principles underpin ethical theories and guide ethical engagement.
* Principles function like a compass – they provide the direction rather than serve as a road map
50
Western ethical principles include:
* Fidelity (keeping of a promise)
* Utility (maximise value)
* Autonomy (self-determination)
* Justice (fairness in distribution of benefits and risks)
* Beneficence (do good)
* Non-maleficence (do no harm)
* Respect for persons
51
Eastern Philosophical traditions
* Harmony - co-operation, goodwill, unity
* Respect – politeness, kind regard, modesty
* Hospitality – consideration, welcoming
* Balance – equilibrium, protection of environment
52
Indigenous philosophies
* Importance of cultural values
* Spirituality
* Connectedness (to land, kinship)
* Communal values
* Importance of history
53
Eastern foundations
• As with Western Ethics, foundations lies in moral philosophy
• Much older tradition than the West
• Key influences from China, India, Nepal, Japan
• Based on a range of influential individuals, philosophical systems and ‘religions’
• Foundational Ethical Concepts
EAST WEST
• Compassion Good will
• Increasing individual Duty
awareness/insight Individual excellence
• Acting for the collective (Suzuki, 1959)
54
Key objective of Eastern philosophical perspective is...
to understand how our experiences, ideas and thoughts arise in conscious experience
*achieved through diverse of practices 'taming the monkey' (Billington, 1997)
55
Cyclic pattern
Individual insight is advanced through ethical behaviour, and as insight grows, ethical behaviour leads to greater insight.
56
Major influences of eastern philosophy
* Hindu philosophy 5500 - 2600 BCE
* Buddhist philosophy 6th century BCE
* Chinese philosophy 770 - 256 BCE
* Hindu philosophy
* Complex and diverse set of ideas, schools and traditions based in India/Nepal
57
Common themes in moral philosophy?
Karma and liberation theories: goal of freedom from rebirth, dharma theories and stages of life theories
*Foundational ethical concepts of duty and virtue (Bernard, 2007)
58
Ethics in Hindu Philosophy: Four aims of human life (purusartha)
1. Material wellbeing
2. Pleasure and enjoyment
3. Morality and social responsibility
4. Liberation from repeated rebirth (Bernard, 2007)
59
Hindu influential people
Mohandas Ghandi
60
Gandhian ethics
Non-violence (ahimsa), justice and harmony, pursuit of truth
IDEAS based on Hindu philosophical thought- duty and virtue (Ray, 1950)
Love your opponent.
Show KINDNESS to show REALITY and TRUTH and help them to GROW and DEVELOP.
Ghandhian IDEAS of ethical behaviour are centred on extending compassion and well being for the benefit of collective human race. In process individual well being is also being achieved. (Streng, 1973)
61
Who is Buddha and what was his philosophy
Reflective process of meditation, the Buddha developed a systematic method of mind training with the goal to reach enlightenment
62
Buddhist Ethics
* Ethical behaviour assists the individual to reduce their suffering
* Ethical behaviour towards others, based in the compassionate knowledge that human beings all suffer, fosters communal growth and acknowledges the 'inter-being' of all life (Dalai Lama, 1999)
63
Determining what is right
If in your day you want to harm someone physically, mentally or verbally its not right. If you do tell someone that way you'll avoid it next time. But if its not harmful and you know it to be good, do it! The right deeds lead to joy and peace.
64
Ethics in Chinese philosophy
Based in the idea of harmony between the natural world and all organisms in it- including people.
Importance of courtesy, ritual, ideal standards, reverence, generosity and benevolence (Carus, 2009)
65
Aoism (the way)
interplay between opposites (yin and yang, males and female, negative and positive)
66
3 jewels of the Tao
compassion, moderation, humility (Tao Te Ching)
67
Ethical requirements
Seek constant adjustment in order to align human behaviour with natural rhythms
• Relationship obligations guide behaviour between husband and wife, parents and children, ruler and subject
• Fulfilling these obligations leads to a just and harmonious society
(Yu, 2007)
68
Chinese Philosophy influential person
Confuscius
69
Confucian Ethics 3 key principles
1. Li - ideal of conduct (reverence, courtesy, ritual, propriety)
2. Jen - virtue of goodness and benevolence (concern for others regardless of class or rank)
3. Chun-Tzu - idea of the true ‘gentleman’ (displays the five virtues of self-respect, generosity, sincerity, persistence and benevolence) (Shun & Wong, 2004)
70
Confucius says
Wherever you go, go with all your heart. Without feelings of respect what distinguishes man from beasts? Do to others as you would do yourself.
Wisdom, compassion and courage are the three universally recognised moral qualities of men.
71
East West Masala
* Traditions of the East have been mixing and influencing Western traditions increasingly since the 1970’s
* Commonalities between Western and Eastern philosophies and ethical theories have been strengthened and developed (virtue ethics, ethic of care)
* Unfamiliar ideas from Eastern philosophies are beginning to influence the West (Mindfulness therapy, role of meditation)
* Western science used to explore physiology and positive affect of meditation and ethical behaviour (neuro science, pscyhology)
* Influential people from the East have impacted on Western Ethics (eg: Dalai Lama)
72
Ethics for the new millennium
* Growing belief that ethical behaviour can be a central factor in building more peaceful human relationships around the globe
* Draws on the commonalities between all humans to foster a collective ethical project of compassionate action
* Ethics and mindfulness classes beginning to appear in schools
* Knowledge of Eastern traditions allows social workers to draw from a wider source of wisdom to better understand ethics
