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Physiology II > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Inner cell mass is NOT centrally located

A

True

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2
Q

What are the three stages of development of the neural tube?

A

Neural plate
Neural fold
Neural tube

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3
Q

Neural plate stage

A

Columnarization of epithelium (simple cuboidal to simple columnar)

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4
Q

Neural fold

A

Thickened neural plate folds along anterior-posterior axis to form the neural groove flanked by neural folds

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5
Q

Where does folding begin and then what folds next?

A

Folding begins in middle and continues cranially and caudally

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6
Q

Neural tube stage

A

Opposing edges of neural folds fuse along anter-post axis to form neural tube

Separates from the simple cuboidal epith

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7
Q

When does superior/cranial neuropore close?

Inferiors/caudal?

A

Cranial: Day 27
Caudal: Day 30

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8
Q

Tripartite brain components

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhompencephalon

Please Meet Ron

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9
Q

Pentapartite brain components

A 
Telencephalon (from Prosen)
Diencephalon (from Prosen)
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon (from Rhomben)
Myencephalon (from Rhomben)
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10
Q

Match ventricle/space with part of Pentapartit brain

Lateral ventricles Mesenceph
Third ventricle Telenceph
Fourth ventricle Metenceph
Cerebral aquaduct Myelenceph
Dienceph

A

Lateral ventricles - Telenceph
Third ventricle - Dienceph
Fourth ventricle - Metenceph/Myelenceph
Cerebral aquaduct - Mesenceph

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11
Q

Anencephaly

A

Failure of cranial end of neural tube to close

Missing forebrain

Not viable

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12
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

Failure of prosencephalon to divide into two cerebral hemispheres

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13
Q

What facial deformaties are often associated with Holoprosencephaly

A

Single orbit with two eyes, one eye, or no eye
Proboscis-type nose located above eye
Cleft lip and palate

Not viable

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14
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Failure of caudal neuropore to close
Vertebral arch fails to form
Spinal cord function usually normal

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15
Q

Patient comes in with tufts of hair at caudal end of vertebral column and spinal cord function is normal. What does patients likely have?

A

Spinal bifida occulta

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16
Q

Patient comes in with cyst at caudal end of vertebral column, spinal cord function is impaired and lower extremity dysfunction. What does patients likely have?

A

Spina bifida cystica

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17
Q

Spina bifida cystica

A 
Failure of caudal neuropore to close
Sac-like cyst at caudal end of spine
Spinal cord and/or meninges in cyst
Spinal cord function may be impaired
May have lower extremity dysfunction
Bladder and bowel function may be impaired
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18
Q

Which form of SBC is characterized by each?

a. Failure of caudal neural folds to close; most severe defects
b. Only meninges found in sac; spinal cord function impaired
c. Both spinal cord and meninges found in sac; lower extremity paralysis, bowel and bladder dysfunction, loss of sensatrion to lower limbs

A

a. Myeloschisis
b. Meningocele
c. Meningomyelocele

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19
Q

List types of SBC from least severe to most severe

A

Meningocele
Meningomyelocele
Myeloschisis

20
Q

Arnold-Chiari Deformity

A

Inferior cerebellum and medulla are elongated and protrube into the vertebral canal

Medulla and pons are small and deformed

Hydrocephalus

Malformation of lower cranial nerves

  • Deafness
  • Tongue, facial muscle, lateral eye movement weakness
21
Q

When does the formation of the nervous system occur?

A

Embryonic stage

22
Q

Telencephalon Primordia components

A

Lumina: Lateral ventricles (I,II)
Floor: Basal nuclei (ganglia); Olfactory lobes and nerves
Roof: Cerebral hemispheres

23
Q

Diencephalon Primordia components

A

Lumen: Third Ventricle
Roof: Epithalamus
Walls: Thalamus
Floor: Hypothalamus and infundibulum

24
Q

Mesencephalon Primordia components

A

Lumen: Cerebral aqueduct
Roof: Tectum/Superior and inferior colliculi
Floor: Tegmentum

25
Q

Metencephalon Primordia components

A

Lumen: Part of fourth ventricle
Roof: Cerebellum
Floor: Pons

26
Q

Myelencephalon Primordia components

A

Lumen: Rest of fourth ventricle
Main part: Medulla oblongata
Roof: Posterior choroid plexus

27
Q

Medulla nuclei (Myelencephalon)

A

Vestibular nuclear complex (balance and equil)
Sensory nuclei
Portions of reticular formation

28
Q

Medulla olives

A

Site of nuclei related to cerebellum

29
Q

Medulla vital reflex centers

A

Cardiac center
Vasomotor center
Respiratory centers

30
Q

Pons (Metencephalon) nuclei

A

Nuclei of CN V-VIII

Pontine nuclei

31
Q

Function of pontine nuclei in pons

A

Relay btw cerebrum and cerebellum

32
Q

Pons centers

A

Sleep center

Respiratory center

33
Q

Mesencephalon nuclei

A

Nuclei of CN III-IV

34
Q

Mesencephalon colliculi of Tectum functions

A

Superior colliculi: visual reflexes

Inferior: auditory and olfactory reflexes

35
Q

Mesencephalon Tegmentum components

A

Red nucleus
Substantial nigra
Various tracts

36
Q

T/F: Cerebellum has a cortex

A

T

37
Q

Peduncle function in cerebellum

A

Connect cerebellum to other parts of brain

38
Q

Where do each connect cerebellum to:

Inferior peduncles
Middle peduncles
Superior peduncles

A

Inferior peduncles: Cerebellum to MEDULLA and SPINAL CORD
Middle peduncles: Cerebellum to PONS
Superior peduncles: Cerebellum to MIDBRAIN

39
Q

Cerebellum functions

A

Coordinate skeletal muscle movements
Maintain equil and posture
Synergic control of muscle activity

40
Q

Thalamus (Diencephalon)

A

Major relay center for Afferent and efferent info to and from cerebrum and other areas of the brain

41
Q

Epithalamus (Diencephalon)

A

Nuclei involved in emotional and visceral responses to odor

Pineal body

42
Q

What type of nuclei are those of the Epithalamus that are involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors

A

Habeulnar

43
Q

Hypothalamus (Diencephalon) nuclei types

A

Supraoptic

Paraventricular

44
Q

Hypothalamus (Diencephalon) overview

A

Mammillary bodies involved in olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors

45
Q

Hypothalamus (Diencephalon) functions

A

Controls and integrates ANS
Involved in many kinds of visceral activity
Intermediary btw nervous and endocrine systems
Controls normal body temperature
Maintains extracellular fluid volume
Biorhythm oscillator

46
Q

Telencephalon functions

A

Olfactory function

Subconscious motor control & muscle tone (Basal nuclei)

47
Q

Cerebral cortex (telencephalon) components

A

Divided into paired lobes

Surface with gyri (hills) and sulci (valleys)

Physiology II (4 decks)

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