Lecture 1

Question 1

reducing the elements of a system to a basic level of functioning elements

Answer 1

Reductionism

Question 2

knowledge of the elements is essential to understanding the system but greater emphasis is placed on investigating and understanding the system as a whole

Answer 2

Complex System Approach

Question 3

what 3 major types of substances can cross membranes

Answer 3

1. solvents (water)
2. electrolytes (ions)
3. nonelectrolytes (non-charged molecules)

Question 4

movement of a solute based on a pressure gradient. The pressure differential will dictate the rate of flow.

Answer 4

Convection

Question 5

with convection, the flow always goes from and area of ____ pressure to ____ pressure

Answer 5

High

Low

Question 6

movement of the concentration of particles within a solution.

Answer 6

diffusion

Question 7

with diffusion, the flow of particles always moves from an area of ____ concentration to an area of ______ concentration

Answer 7

high

low

Question 8

ions move under the influence of what 2 forces?

Answer 8

• force related to the concentration gradient

- force related to the difference of potentials (electric current)

Question 9

movement of the solvent and solutes under a pressure gradient

Answer 9

convection

Question 10

movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Answer 10

diffusion

Question 11

movement of charged particles (ions) under the action of a difference of potentials

Answer 11

electric current

Question 12

In the state of equilibrium, the movements of all particles are _____ ______. There are _______ net changes in the concentration

Answer 12

• counter balanced

- NO

Question 13

3 important properties of ion channels signaling in the nervous system

Answer 13

1. they conduct ions
2. they recognize specific ions
3. they open and close in response to specific electrical, mechanical, or chemical signals

Question 14

examples of mechanical signaling

Answer 14

tap table and feel vibrations

Question 15

examples of chemical signaling

Answer 15

smell, light, sound, hormones