Lecture 1

Question 1

What is the average blood volume of an individual?

Answer 1

~5L

Question 2

What percentage of blood does serum/plasma take up?

Answer 2

~60%

Question 3

Difference between serum and plasma

Answer 3

Plasma is whats leftover if take out clotting factors

Question 4

What % does RBC’s/erythrocytes make up in blood?

Answer 4

~40%

Question 5

What % does WBCs or leukocytes make up?

Answer 5

Less than 5%

Question 6

What % does platelets/thrombocytes make up?

Answer 6

Less than 1%

Question 7

What is the buffy coat

Answer 7

WBCs & platelets

Question 8

How to calculate the hematocrit?

Answer 8

Height of RBC’s divided by total height

Question 9

What is the usual hematocrit?

Answer 9

40-45%.

What % RBC takes up.

Question 10

6 main plasma constituents?

Answer 10

H2O (92% w/v), electrolytes, nutrients, proteins (7% w/v), waste, gasses

Question 11

What percentage of new cells produced are leukocytes? What is the lifespan of leukocytes

Answer 11

• 75% cells produced

- hours-days

Question 12

What percentage of new cells produced are erythrocytes? What is the lifespan of RBCs?

Answer 12

• 20-25% cells produced

- 90-120 days

Question 13

______ regulate hematopoiesis

Answer 13

Cytokines

Question 14

What cytokine regulates leukocytes?

Answer 14

Colony stimulating factors

Question 15

What cytokine regulates erythrocytes?

Answer 15

Erythropoeitin

Question 16

What cytokine regulates platelets?

Answer 16

Thrombopoeitin

Question 17

Do reticulocytes still have a nucleus

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

When young, what bones are RBCs produced from

Answer 18

Red marrow from ALL bones

Question 19

When older, what bones are RBCs produced from

Answer 19

Red marrow from proximal ends of long bones, pelvis,

Question 20

Main role of RBCs?

Answer 20

O2 transport

Question 21

What protein is required for O2 transport for RBCs

Answer 21

Hb

Question 22

What is required for Hb production?

Answer 22

Iron, B12, folic acid

Question 23

Hb has __ globin subunits

Answer 23

4

Question 24

Each Hb subunit has a ___ group

Answer 24

Heme

Question 25

Each heme groups contains ___ to which oxygen binds

Answer 25

Iron

Question 26

Hb binds ___ oxygen molecules

Answer 26

4

Question 27

Is Hb-oxygen binding co-operative or noncooperative

Answer 27

Co-operative (binding of one oxygen molecules facilitates binding of another)

Question 28

Where are antigens (implicated in transfusion/rejection) located?

Answer 28

RBC surface

Question 29

Draw the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin. Also show left and right shifts and what they imply

Answer 29

-

Question 30

What is the pO2 in capillaries of active muscle?

Answer 30

~21 mm Hg

Question 31

What is the pO2 in alveoli of lungs

Answer 31

100 mm Hg

Question 32

RBC hematocrit common characteristics

Answer 32

- lower in women than men - higher at altitude - higher in athletes

Question 33

RBC hematocrit is regulated by

Answer 33

- oxygen (via EPO) - nutritional status - menstruation/hemorrhage - hormones - vitamin b12 complex - folic acid

Question 34

What is anemia

Answer 34

insufficient Hb

Question 35

4 diff types of anemia?

Answer 35

- Hypochromic (low Hb in RBCs, Fe deficiency) - Megaloblastic (pernicious and non-pernicious; larger cells) - Hemolytic (fragile RBCs e.g. sickle cell) - Aplastic (low RBC production e.g. chemotherapy)

Question 36

Characteristics of people with high hematocrit?

Answer 36

- high hematocrit = high percentage of RBCs - blood is thicker and more sluggish - more at risk for stroke

Question 37

Role of platelets

Answer 37

Blood clotting

Question 38

Compare normal vs. damaged cell

Answer 38

In a normal cell, platelets are kept soluble by prostacyclin . In a damaged cell, we have an injury to endothelial cells. Exposed collagen binds and activates platelets. Prostacyclin production is reduced and platelets begin to aggregate. Causes vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow to this area. Thromboxane is target for aspirin (a blood thinner),

Question 39

Steps in clotting cascade?

Answer 39

Factors I-XIII -> Prothrombin -> Thrombin -> Fibrinogen -> Fibrin

Question 40

What does PMNs stand for

Answer 40

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

Question 41

What does PMNs consist of

Answer 41

- neutrophils - eosinophils - basophils

Question 42

Fxn of neutrophils and what % of WBCs?

Answer 42

NEUTRalize foreign substances | - make up 50-70% of WBCs

Question 43

Fxn of eosinophils and what % of WBCs?

Answer 43

- destroy invading parasites and cells | - 1-3% of WBCs

Question 44

Fxn of basophils and what % of WBCs?

Answer 44

Form mast cells, release histamine, mediate allergic response and inflammation

Question 45

Fxn of monocytes and what % of WBCs?

Answer 45

- Differentiate into macrophages (big eaters that ingest invaders) - antigen presenting

Question 46

4 types of lymphocytes

Answer 46

- B cells - T cells - natural killer cells