Lecture #1

Question 1

When Does Ionizing radiation occur on the radiation spectrum?

Answer 1

10^15 or Ultraviolet light

Question 2

What are the Natural Sources of Radiation?

Answer 2

Cosmic 5%
Terrestrial 3%
Radon 37%
Internal 5%

Question 3

What are the man made sources of radiation?

Answer 3

X-rays 12%
CT Scans 24%
Nuclear 12%
Consumer Products 2%
other <1%

Question 4

Gamma rays and X rays are what type of radiation?

Answer 4

Electromagnectic radiation

Question 5

What is not a form of ionizing radiation?

Answer 5

microwaves

Question 6

What is Becquerel (Bq)?

Answer 6

Si unit to messure the radioacctivity of a material

Question 7

1 Bq=2.7X10^-11 Ci

Answer 7

just a fact you might want to know

Question 8

How is exposure measured?

Answer 8

Coulombs/Kg
or Roentgen (R)

Question 9

How is Absorbed dose measured?

Answer 9

Gray (Gy)
Rad
1Gy=100rad

Question 10

How is equivalent dose measured?

Answer 10

Sievert (Sv)
or Rem
1Sv= 100 rem

Question 11

What has higher Linear Energy Transfer (LET) than photons?

Answer 11

Particulate radiation

Question 12

What is Effective dose

Answer 12

measure the estimated risk to humans in different tissues

Question 13

What is Equivalent dose

Answer 13

The amount of radiation needed to be harmful… measures different types of radiation

Question 14

what is Absorbed dose

Answer 14

Energy deposited in a kg of a substance by the radiation

Question 15

how is effective dose measured?

Answer 15

Sievert (Sv)

Question 16

Define direct Effect

Answer 16

Photon or secondary e- ionizes biologic macromolecules

Question 17

Radiolysis of Water… What is it?

Answer 17

Photon that ionizes water causes free radicals

Question 18

Define Indirect effect

Answer 18

intermediate step to mess up macromolecules… photon hits something then that something hits the organism

Question 19

How much does Direct and Indirct effects occur from x-rays?

Answer 19

1/3 and 2/3 of the damages respectfully

Question 20

What is the primary cause of radiation induced cell death?

Answer 20

Damaged to the DNA

Question 21

What is Deterministic Effect?

Answer 21

Greater the Dose the Greater the Damage

There is an exposure threshold meaning below this there might not be any damage

Question 22

What cells have the Highest sensitivity to radiation?

Answer 22

Divide regularly

Undergo little/no differentiation

Question 23

What are some organs that have high sensitivity to radiation?

Answer 23

Testies
Bone
Lymphoid organs
Breasts
GI Tract
Mucous Membranes

Question 24

Define Stochastic Effect

Answer 24

There is no threshold and there will always be radiation effect… you will die

Question 25

What are 3 guiding principles to reduce dental exposure?

Answer 25

Justification ALARA Dose Limitation

Question 26

ALARA stands for what

Answer 26

as low as reasonably achievable

Question 27

dentists need what in place? (2)

Answer 27

Radiation protection program | good radiation safety practices

Question 28

When should a dentist prescribe a x-ray?

Answer 28

``` after Health History Review Clinical assessment Examination susceptibility to dental diseases ```

Question 29

What films should we use?

Answer 29

E or F speed film

Question 30

By how much does rectangular collimators reduce exposure?

Answer 30

60%

Question 31

What are the 2 types of Ionizing Radiation?

Answer 31

1. ) Particulate Radiation | 2. ) Electromagnetic Radiation

Question 32

Which radiation have a higher LET... Particulate Radiation or photons?

Answer 32

Particulate Radiation