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Immunology Exam 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are extracellular microbes?

A

able to survive in animals by growing extracellular being simple immersed in nutrients

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2
Q

What are intracellular microbes?

A

invade and live and replicative intracellular within animal cells where they utilizing host cell energy sources

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3
Q

What can all microbes do?

A

grow, reproduce and infect humans

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4
Q

What is immunity?

A

set of cooperative defense mechanisms which provide protection from various infectious diseases

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5
Q

What are antigens (Ags)?

A

substances that induce an immune response

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6
Q

What can be an Ags?

A

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

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7
Q

What is an antibody (Ab)?

A

protein produced by the immune system when it detects antigens

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8
Q

What is an epitope?

A

a portion of Ag molecule to which antibody binds

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9
Q

All immunogens are ______, but not all _____ are immunogens.

A

Ags, Ags

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10
Q

What are immunogens?

A

Ags which can stimulate an immune response

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11
Q

What are happens?

A

small Ags that can bind to Abs but can’t initiate immune response

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12
Q

Describe innate immunity

A

First line of defense: works rapidly
give rise to acute inflammation
has some specificity for Ag
no memory

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13
Q

Describe adaptive immunity

A

takes longer to develop
highly specific
shows memory

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14
Q

What are the components of innate immunity?

A 
antimicrobial peptides
complement 
acute phase proteins
cytokines 
chemokines
phagocytes
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15
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides?

A

small peptides which target pathogenic microorganisms ranging from viruses to parasites

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16
Q

What is a complement?

A

system of plasma proteins that enhances the ability of Abs and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism

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17
Q

What are acute phase proteins (APPs)?

A

large group of blood proteins whose plasma concentrations change in response to tissue injury, acute infections, burns, or inflammation

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18
Q

What are cytokines?

A

cell signaling molecules that aid in cell to cell communication in immune responses

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19
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

immune cells that have the ability to ingest and digest microbes

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20
Q

What are the cellular and chemical barriers in adaptive immunity?

A

lymphocytes in epithelia; antibodies secreted at epithelial surfaces

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21
Q

what are blood proteins in adaptive immunity?

A

antibodies, cytokines

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22
Q

What are the cells in adaptive immunity?

A

B and T lymphocytes

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23
Q

What is the specificity in innate immunity?

A

for molecules (Ags) shared by groups of related microbes and molecules produced by damaged host cells

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24
Q

What is the specificity in adaptive immunity?

A

for microbial and nonmicroblal antigens

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25
How is the diversity in innate immunity?
limited; germline encoded
26
How is the diversity in adaptive immunity?
very large; receptors are produced by somatic recombination of gene segments
27
Is there memory in innate immunity? adaptive?
innate: no adaptive: yes
28
Is there reactivity to self in innate immunity? adaptive?
none in both
29
What are the functions of cytokines?
regulate growth and differentiation of immune cells | activate the effector functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes
30
Each cytokine acts via a _______ receptor expressed on target cells
specific signaling
31
What are chemokines?
a subfamily of cytokines secreted by immune cells to induce chemotaxis (movement) in nearby cells
32
Does innate immunity exist before or after infection?
before
33
What is the primary function of phagocytes?
ingest and destroy microbes and get rid of damaged tissues (scavenger function)
34
What are the steps in function responses of phagocytes?
- recruitment of cells to the sites of infection - recognition of and activation by microbes - ingestion of the microbes by the process of phagocytes - destruction of ingested microbes
35
Neutrophils are produced in the _____ and arise from ____ that also give rise to mononuclear phagocytes
bone marrow; precursors
36
The production of neutrophils are stimulated by cytokine called ______
granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
37
An adult human produces more than ____ neutrophils a day
1 x 10^11
38
What drives production of of macrophages in the bone marrow?
monocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)
39
dendritic cells are cells of _____ immunity
innate
40
What are the two categories of dendritic cells?
myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pCDs)
41
macs are derived from ______
monocytes
42
Where are mast cells common at?
sites in the body that are exposed to the external environment
43
Why are mast cells in close proximity to blood vessels?
they can regulate vascular permeability and effector cell recruitment
44
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
B cells and T cells
45
Where does the development and maturation of T cells occur?
in the thymus
46
When a mature T cell is Ag stimulated, it gives rise to ______
cellular immunity
47
Where does the development and maturation of B cells occur?
bone marrow
48
What type of immunity does B cells give rise to?
humoral
49
What does humoral immunity produce?
immunoglobulins
50
what is humoral adaptive immunity?
principal defense mechanism against extracellular microbes and their toxins
51
What is the function of cell mediated immunity?
killing of infected host cells to eliminate reservoirs of infection
52
In _____ immunity, B lymphocytes secrete Abs that prevent infections and climate extracellular microbes
humoral
53
In _____ immunity, T helper cells active macrophages to kill phagocytize microbes, or cytotoxic T lymphocytes to directly destroy infected cells
cell mediated
54
What is active immunity?
conferred by a host response to a microbe or microbial Ags
55
What is passive immunity?
conferred by adoptive transfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for the microbe
56
only ____ immune responses generate immunological memory
active
57
what do B lymphocytes do?
recognize soluble Ags and develop into Ab secreting cells
58
What do T helper lymphocytes do?
recognize Ags on the surfaces of Ag presenting cells and secret cytokines, which stimulate different mechanisms of immunity and inflammation
59
What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes do?
recognize Ags on infected cells and kill these cells
60
What do regulatory T cells do
suppress and prevent immune response

Immunology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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