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EAS 206 > Lecture 1-8 > Flashcards

Lecture 1-8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a planet?

A

Cold object that orbita around a central luminous start

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2
Q

What is a Planetary body?

A

General term for any body orbiting a star includes planets and their natural satellites/moons

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3
Q

Terrestrial (Inner) planets

A

Relatively small, rocky (“Earth-like”) bodies closest to the sun
↳ moon is studied as a terrestrial planet

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4
Q

General planet info

A
  • Mercury
    ↳ larger than earths moon & closes to sun
  • Venus
    ↳ 2nd closest planet & shrouded by clouds
    ↳ lots of craters and mountain belts
  • Earth
    ↳ lots of plate tectonics, erosion, has life along with atmosphere
  • Moon
    ↳ orbits earth
  • Mars
    ↳ very thin atmosphere
    ↳ erosion by water, lots of volcanoes & valleys
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5
Q

Asteroid

A

small rocky or metal-rich planetary body orbiting the sun

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6
Q

Asteroid belt

A
  • region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids are found
  • asteroids range from 1 - 1000km in diamerter
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7
Q

Gas Giants (outer Planets)

A

Large planets that have a deep atmosphere and no solid surfaces
↳ icy/rocky

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8
Q

Comets

A

small, ice rich bodies which formed at the outer edges of the solar system

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9
Q

Neptune & Uranus

A
  • Both are gas and ice rich
  • Have icy moons
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10
Q

The three main tock types

A

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic

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11
Q

Law of Superposition?

A

Each layer of sediment is older than the layer above it and younger than the layer below it

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12
Q

Law of Cross-cutting Relationships?

A

If a fault or other body of rock cuts through another body of rock then it must be younger in age than the rock through which it cuts

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13
Q

Law of Inclusions?

A

One rock included in another is older than the rock that includes it

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14
Q

Law of original horizontality

A

Sedimentary layers are deposited horizontally

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15
Q

Crust

A

The outermost layer, on top of the mantle

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16
Q

Mantle

A

It has upper and lower sections and includes the asthenosphere, iron, and magnesium-rich silicate minerals

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17
Q

Asthenosphere

A

The top part of the upper mantle where it is plastic, and partly molten

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18
Q

Lithosphere

A

includes the rigid part of the mantle and the overlying crust, rides on the plastic asthenosphere

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19
Q

The three ways we know what the interior of the Earth looks like

A

Density, Seismic data, Meteorites

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20
Q

Main geologic processes active on Earth today

A

Tectonics, volcanic activity, mass wasting, water, wind, ice -> erosion and deposition of sediment, impact crater, life

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21
Q

Fusion

A

The combination of two or more nuclei to form a different, heavier, element; the by-product is radiation

22
Q

What Keeps a Star together?

A
  • Gravity attempts to make the star collapse
  • High gas pressure opposes gravity
23
Q

Supernova

A

The cataclysmic explosion of a star, as a result of internal nuclear reactions

24
Q

Nebula

A

Dust in space with a density of 1,000 gas molecules/10cm^3

25
Q

Gravitational Collapse

A

When molecules are concentrated, attracted to each other; may be triggered by a nearby supernova

26
Q

T Tauri stars

A

stars that are similar in mass to the
Sun, but only about 1 million years old

27
Q

Proplyds

A

disks of dust and gas around young
stars; contraction of “protoplanetary disks”

28
Q

Meteorites

A

extraterrestrial rock that’s fallen through our atmosphere

29
Q

Refractory

A

materials that form solids at
very high temperatures

30
Q

Volatile

A

materials that condense/solidify
at very low temperatures

31
Q

Planetesimal

A

Small solid bodies, ~100km across, that formed from grain-to-grain accretion of dust

32
Q

Accretion

A

Solids come together to form larger objects through gravitational attraction and collisions

33
Q

Differentiation

A

The separation of materials in a planetary body according to density and chemical affinity

34
Q

Conduction

A

The vibrational energy of an atom is transferred to adjacent atoms

35
Q

Convection

A

Warm material expands and moves upwards, displacing cooler, denser materials downwards

36
Q

Radiation

A

The emission of electromagnetic waves from a hot body’s surface to its surroundings

37
Q

Law of Cross-cutting Relationships for impact cratering

A

If an impact crater, fault, or body of rock cuts through another body of rock then it must be younger than the rock through which it cuts

38
Q

Three things that must be explained by any model for how the solar system was formed

A
  • The planets orbit in the same plane
  • They orbit the Sun in the same direction
  • The Solar System is zoned from rocky inner planets to gas-rich outer planets to ice-rich comets
39
Q

Why the Moon always shows the same side to the Earth

A

The period of rotation and period of revolution are exactly the same

40
Q

Two surfaces on the Moon that can be easily seen from Earth

A
  • Maria (smooth surfaces)
  • Terrae (cratered highland)
41
Q

Crater sizes on the moon

A
  • 20 to 200km diam
    ↳ have central peaks
  • crater > 300km diam
    ↳ called multi ring basins & spacing of rings increases outward
42
Q

What is KREEP

A

KREEP is a component found in soils, breccias and impact melts

43
Q

Fire fountaining

A

Volcanic activity on the Moon, it creates Lunar Glass Beads

44
Q

Anorthosite

A

Most abundant and
oldest rock type

45
Q

Breccia

A

A rock made up of
angular fragments of
other rocks
↳ more basalts

46
Q

Regolith

A
  • Mixture of rock fragments
  • Formed during micrometeorite impacts;
47
Q

Explain why mare basalts can flow such great distances on the Moon

A

They contain more iron and less silicate and aluminum, which causes lunar basalts to have a lower viscosity

48
Q

List the main observations that any model for the formation of the Moon must explain

A
  • size of the moon relative to earth
  • The low bulk density/size of its iron core and its composition
  • Moon has little water and is depleted in other elements
  • it’s orbit
49
Q

Giant Impact Hypothesis

A
  • The giant impact hypothesis proposes that the Moon formed from debris ejected during a collision between the early Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet around 4.5 billion years ago.
50
Q

The major discoveries made by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission

A

evidence of water on the Moon, Moon caves, map of the lunar south poles, more topography, temperature map

51
Q

Describe how the crystallization of a magma ocean explains the anorthosite composition of the Moon’s crust

A
  • pyroxene and olivine in the magma sink and the anorthosite (lighter mineral) floats

EAS 206 (7 decks)

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