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Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Gastrulation

A

The formation of intra-embryonic mesoderm

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2
Q

When does gastrulation occur?

A

14 days after fertilisation

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3
Q

What is the 14 day rule?

A

The restriction of in vitro research on human embryos within the first 14days of development

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4
Q

What are the 4 phases of embryonic development?

A

phases of embryonic development?

  • Growth
  • Morphogenesis
  • Differentiation
  • Mutation
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5
Q

Define Morphogenesis

A

The complex interaction occurring in an order sequence.

Cell movement and cell transformation (EMT, MET) and program cell death

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6
Q

What is the morphogenesis of tissue and organ?

A

The formation of embryonic ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. Beginning at formation of primitive stream on the disk

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7
Q

What does the embryonic ectoderm consist of?

A

(Outside)

  • epidermis
  • nervous system
  • retina of the eye
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8
Q

What does the embryonic endoderm consist of?

A

embryonic endoderm consist of?
(Inside)
- endothelial lining

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9
Q

What does the embryonic mesoderm consist of?

A

(Middle)

  • smooth muscular coats
  • connective tissue
  • vessels
  • cardiovascular system
  • blood
  • bone marrow
  • reproductive & excretory organs
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10
Q

Embryonic skin development

A

development

  • 4-5 weeks
  • epidermis, dermis and melanocytes
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11
Q

Where is the epidermis derived from?

A

surface ectoderm

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12
Q

Where is the dermis derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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13
Q

Where are melanocytes derived from?

A

neural crest

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14
Q

Cartilage Development

A

5 weeks
Paraxial mesoderm, somites, condensation of mesenchymal cells, chondroblasts, chondrification centres
- hyaline, fibro & elastic

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15
Q

What does embryonic hyaline cartilage develop into?

A

Articular joint

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16
Q

What does embryonic fibro cartilage develop into?

A

Intervertebral disc

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17
Q

What does embryonic elastic cartilage develop into?

A

Respiratory system

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18
Q

Embryonic bone development

A

paraxial mesoderm to form somites

  • membrane sheath
  • condensation of mesenchymal stem cells
  • osteoid matrix deposition
  • vascularisation
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19
Q

What does intra-membranous ossification form?

20
Q

What does endochondral ossification form?

21
Q

Out of flat bone and long bone, which one requires cartilage in its development?

22
Q

Skeletal muscle development

Study These Flashcards
A

7 weeks

Myotome regions of the somites (mesoderm)

23
Q

Smooth muscle development

Study These Flashcards
A
  • somatic mesoderm = vessels smooth m
  • mesenchymal cells = myoepithelial cells in gland
  • splanchnic mesenchyme = around endoderm
  • remain mononuclear
24
Q

Cardiac muscle development

Study These Flashcards
A

4 weeks

  • lateral spanchnic mesoderm
  • cardiac muscle fibers arise from single cells
25
Peripheral NS development
development - neural crest cells - cranial, spinal visceral nerves & cranial, spinal and autonomic ganglia - bipolar of sensory cells - satellite cells - schwann cells - connective tissue outside the capsule
26
What does EMT stand for?
epithelial to mesenchymal transition
27
What is EMT involved in?
The developmental & oncogenic pathways regulating tumour growth - angiogenesis - metastasis - reprogramming of specific reportoires ascribed to both mesenchymal and epithelial cells
28
what is included in EMT?
- neural crest - cardiac cushion cells - limb musculature - midline of palate - dermis of the skin - sclerofome
29
What does MET stand for?
mesenchymal to epithelial transition
30
What is involved in MET?
Transform cells back from mesenchymal to epithelial - kidney tubules - nephrogenic blastema - endocardium - somites
31
Name 4 matrix proteins
- fibrous structural proteins - specialised proteins - proteoglycans - matrix degrading enzymes
32
Types of fibrous structural proteins (4)
structural proteins (4) - collagen - laminins - fibrinectin - elastin
33
Types of specialised proteins (3)
- growth factors - small matricellular proteins - SIBLINGD
34
Types of Matrix degrading enzymes (3)
- MMPs - Serine proteases - cysterin protease
35
What are the 6 functions of cells?
functions of cells? - cell proliferation - survival - shape - migration - differentiation - organogenesis & regeneration
36
Define stem cell niche
a microenvironment within the specific anatomic location stem cells are found, which interacts with stem cells to regulate cell fate
37
What are BMPs?
bone morphogenic proteins
38
What are the functions of BMPs?
- binds to heparitin sulfate, heparin, type IV collagen | - regulate cell type specification, maturation, apoptosis, chemotaxis, mitosis, differentiation & ECM production
39
Types of BMPs
BMP-2 K/O --> embryonic lethal - heart BMP-4 K/O --> no mesoderm induction BMP-7 K/o --> kidney and eye development
40
What are the functions of Caherin (N, E & C)
Mediate homophillic interaction during EMT/MET
41
What does N-cadherin K/O cause?
cadherin K/O cause? - ill-formed somites - abnormal neural tubes - loosely organised myocardium - No EMT
42
What does E-cadherin K/O cause?
cadherin K/O cause? - MET - trophectoderm fail to form - basolateral domain of epithelium
43
What is Regenerative medicine?
The process of replacing/regenerating human cell, tissues or organs to establish normal function
44
What are the three steps of regenerative medicine?
1. Injection of stem/progenitor cell 2. Induction of regeneration by introduced substances 3. transplantation of in vitro grown organ & tissues
45
What are the 3 key components of regenerative medicine?
- genes control program of cell differentiation & proliferation - cells produce various matrix - matrix served as scaffold for cell growth/differentiation

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