Lecture 1 Flashcards by Rachel Kaplan

Newton’s first lawis known as:

law of inertia

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Newton’s first law states

A body in motion tends to stay in motion unless acted upon by another force.

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Newton’s second lawis known as:

law of acceleration

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Newton’s second law states

Acceleration of a body is in the direction of and proportional to the force (F), and that acceleration (a) is inverse to the mass (m) of the body,F = ma.If multiple forces exist, the direction and acceleration are proportional to the sum of all the forces. These are calledvectors.

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Which of newtons law describes vectors?

2nd law

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Newton’s third lawis known as:

law of reciprocal action

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Newton’s third law states

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Objects exert equal but opposite forces on one another.

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Force

a push or pull
mass multiplied by acceleration
the energy required to move an object

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The strongest pulling force is:

gravity

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formula for force:

F = ma

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What is gravity (numerically)?

9.81 N

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How is force measured (units)

Newton

or dyne if very small

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Newton (N) means:

force of gravity applied to 1 kg weight 1m/sec

equal to the force that would give a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one meter per second

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Dyne:

force of gravity applied to 1 gram weight 1cm/sec

the force that would give a mass of one gram an acceleration of one centimeter per second

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1 newton = ____ dyne

100,000 dynes

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2 clinical examples of things we measure in dynes:

SVR and PVR

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Pulmonary vascular resistance:

the force against which flow from the right ventricle must overcome for blood to enter pulmonary artery.

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Systemic vascular resistance:

the peripheral vascular force the left ventricle must overcome for blood to enter the aorta and circulate to body

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What happens in CHF in respect to force?

the force that the ventricle is working against changes the way the ventricle works and looks, increased SVR

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Pressure formula:

pressure = force/area

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If you decrease the area and maintain same pressure, will force increase, decrease, or stay same?

also decrease, based on pressure = force/area

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Pressure increases when force ______ or area ______

force increases or area decreases

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Pressure decreases when force ______ or area ______

force decreases or area increases

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force and area are ______ (inversely/directly) related

directly

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PSI stands for

pounds per square inch

what in clinical practice is measured in PSI?

gas cylinder

Conversions: 1 kPa = ___ Pa

1000 Pa

Conversions: 1 atm = ___ torr

760 torr

Conversions: 1 atm = ___ mmHg

760 mmHg

Conversions: 1 atm = ___ bar

1.013 bar

Conversions: 1 atm = ___ psi

14.7 psi

Conversions: 1 bar = ___ Pa = ____ kPa

100,000 Pa | 100 kPa

area of a circle formula:

A= pi x r^2

When calculating force and given N and diameter of a circle in cm, the diameter (or radius) must be converted to what unit?

METERS | because newton = m/sec

When you double the diameter or radius, what would happen to the pressure?

decrease 4 fold | decrease by factor of 4

When you triple the diameter or radius, what would happen to the pressure?

decrease 9 fold | decrease by factor of 9

When you half the diameter or radius, what would happen to the pressure?

increase 4 fold | increase by factor of 4

oscillate:

periodic fluctuation between two things | Back and forth motion at a regular speed

How do our BP cuffs work?

oscillometry cuff inflates, as it deflates and releases pressure from occluding, blood oscillates under cuff with every beat of the heart

How does oscillometry measure BP?

Physically measures the mean pressure (MAP) and calculates the systolic and diastolic pressures. as cuff deflates and releases pressure from occluding, blood oscillates under cuff with every beat of the heart

As BP site moves more peripherally, the systolic pressure tends to _____ and diastolic pressure to ____

systolic increases, diastolic decreases

What happens to pulse pressure as BP cuff moves form bicep to calf?

increases, because systolic increases and diastolic decreases

How is oscillometry affected in patients with cardiac arrhythmias?

less accurate/less reliable

Where is pulse pressure lowest? a. Over bicep b. Over forearm c. Over thigh d. Over calf

A. over bicep as move further from heat, pulse pressure is greater close to heart, pulse pressure is lower

Where is pulse pressure highest? a. Over bicep b. Over forearm c. Over thigh d. Over calf

d. calf, most peripheral

NIBP may be inaccurate with what heart rhythm? a. a fib b. a flutter

a fib- irregularly irregular, so NIBP via oscillometry will likely be less reliable a flutter is not an irregular rhythm, its an arrhythmia but it is regular

In cath lab you have a patient with atrial fib. most accurate way to measure BP is:

a-line

quantity that possesses magnitude only, no motion or direction

scalar

quantity that possesses magnitude AND direction

vector

ECG is: ____ (scalar/vector)

vector

speed is: ____ (scalar/vector)

scalar

mass is: ____ (scalar/vector)

scalar

force is: ____ (scalar/vector)

vector

acceleration is: ____ (scalar/vector)

vector

work is: ____ (scalar/vector)

scalar

describes the relationship between heat & energy

Thermodynamics

1st law of thermodynamics

Conservation of Energy- Energy can not be created nor destroyed, only transformed

2nd law of thermodynamics

Entropy Law-Energy moves toward greater entropy, disorder, randomness. Heat flows from a hot body to a cold body

3rd law of thermodynamics

Absolute zero is an abstract theoretical state that is never achieved. when approaching this state (absolute zero) entropy decreases to a minimum value

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

thermal equilibrium state where there is no transfer of heat energy from object A to object B if no heat transfer, it is because objects share same temperature

Heat travels from ____ to _____

hot to cold

calorie (c) | lowercase

amount of energy to raise the temp of 1 g of water one degree Celsius

1000 calories = ____ kCal

1000 calories = ____ C

1 calorie = ______ J

4.184 J

1 Calorie = ______ J

4184 J

measure of the degree of hotness or coldness

temperature

energy that is transferred from a hot to a cold object

heat

ratio of the amount of heat added to or taken from an object and the temp

heat capacity

heat capacity depends on

object mass and material type of the object

formula for heat capacity

c= Q/(change in temp)

formula for specific heat

c= Q/(mass x change in temp) | mass in kg

large specific heat means ________ heat to raise temp

large amount of heat (energy) to raise temp

small specific heat means ________ heat to raise temp

small amount of heat to raise temp

an object with a large specific heat is a:

good thermal insulator

an object with a small specific heat is a

good thermal conductor