Lecture 1

Question 1

Study of a parasite (Organism 1) and its relationship to its host.

Answer 1

parasitology

Question 2

Living together in more or less intimate association or close union of two dissimilar organisms

Answer 2

symbiosis

Question 3

an interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit (+,+)

Answer 3

Mutualism

Question 4

an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm (+,0)

Answer 4

Commensalism

Question 5

a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life (+,-)

Answer 5

Parasitism

Question 6

What is example of mutualism?

Answer 6

Food (bird) and dental hygiene (alligator)… (+,+)

Question 7

What is an example of commensalism?

Answer 7

Food (pilot fish) and shark (nothing)… (+,0)

Question 8

What is example of parasitism?

Answer 8

Food (tick) and blood lose and pathology (human) (+,-)

Question 9

What are the 4 types of parasites?

Answer 9

facultative, obligatory, endo-parasite, ecto-parasite

Question 10

What type of parasite is an organism that may resort to a parasitic lifestyle, however, it does may not rely on a host for completion of its life cycle?

Answer 10

Facultative

Question 11

What type of parasite is a parasitic organism is one that cannot complete its life-cycle without a relationship with a suitable host?

Answer 11

Obligatory

Question 12

What type of parasite is a parasite that lives within a host and causes an infection?

Answer 12

Endo-parasite

Question 13

What type of parasite is a parasite that lives on a host and causes an infestation?

Answer 13

Ecto-parasite

Question 14

Wide variety of parasites we will concentrate on the _____.

Answer 14

obligate endo-parasites

Question 15

What are the 5 types of hosts?

Answer 15

definitive, intermediate, transfer, vector, and reservoir

Question 16

a host that supports the adult or sexually reproductive stage of a parasite. This stage is necessary for parasite survival.

Answer 16

Definitive

Question 17

a host that supports the immature or non-sexual reproductive forms of a parasite. There may be asexual reproduction. This stage is necessary for parasite survival.

Answer 17

Intermediate

Question 18

a host that can move or relocate parasite stages from one location another – most often reproductive stages such as eggs. Insects such as flies and cockroaches are good transfer host.

Answer 18

Transfer

Question 19

a host that acts as an definitive or intermediate host for a parasite, but more importantly transfers the parasite to the next host. Good examples of vectors are the mosquito in transmitting malaria and ticks in transferring Lyme disease.

Answer 19

Vector

Question 20

a host that serves as a source of infection and potential reinfection of humans, and as a means of sustaining a parasite within a population and ecosystem.

Answer 20

Reservoir

Question 21

What is an example of a perfect transfer house?

Answer 21

the fly

Question 22

What is the perfect vector?

Answer 22

mosquito

Question 23

What is an example of a reservoir host?

Answer 23

zoonotic animals

Question 24

being in contact with an infectious organism

Answer 24

Exposure

Question 25

the presence of an infectious agent bacteria on a body surface (like on the skin, mouth, intestines or airway) without causing disease in the person

Answer 25

Colonization

Question 26

any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed by others (for example a skin rash, lump, fever, pulse, blood pressure)

Answer 26

Sign

Question 27

subjective evidence of a disease, that is, apparent only to the patient (for example back pain or fatigue)

Answer 27

Symptom

Question 28

he period between exposure to an infection and the appearance of the first signs and symptoms

Answer 28

Incubation Period

Question 29

the time from infection to infectiousness or being able to pass the infection

Answer 29

Latency

Question 30

______, often the first step, occurs when infectious agents (bacteria, viruses fungi or parasites) that may cause ______ enter your body (______) and begin to multiply.

Answer 30

Infection; disease; invasion

Question 31

Infection transits to ______ when the cells in your body are damaged — as a result of the infection.

Answer 31

disease

Question 32

Disease is characterized by signs and symptoms of an ______, and most importantly tissue damage leading to _______________.

Answer 32

illness; pathological features / conditions

Question 33

What are the 3 virulence factors that influence disease and pathogenicity?

Answer 33

infectivity, invasiveness, pathogenicity

Question 34

What is the relationship between parasite virulence and host resistance?

Answer 34

*****

Question 35

ability of an organism to establish an infection

Answer 35

Infectivity

Question 36

ability of an organism to spread to adjacent or distant tissues

Answer 36

Invasiveness

Question 37

ability to produce substances that damage tissues, e.g. toxins

Answer 37

Pathogenicity

Question 38

Utilization of Host Food is ____. Most parasites do not feed on food you ingest; they feed on ___.

Answer 38

rare; you

Question 39

What type of feeders are the hookworms that feed on 250μl of blood per day?

Answer 39

Blood feeders

Question 40

What is the name of the destruction of the host tissue when there is a digestion of tissue?

Answer 40

Lytic necrosis

Question 41

What is an organism example of the lytic necrosis that penetrates the gut wall?

Answer 41

*Entamoeba histolytica*

Question 42

Mechanical damage to host tissue

Answer 42

Traumatic damage

Question 43

What organisms are examples that cause traumatic damage?

Answer 43

Life Cycle of the Hookworms: *Ancylostoma duodenale* and *Necatur americanus*

Question 44

What part of the body does the Life Cycle of the Hookworms: *Ancylostoma duodenale* and *Necatur americanus* go through in the human body?

Answer 44

Skin -> Circulation -> Lungs -> Lungs -> Small Intestine

Question 45

Blockage of tubes within the body

Answer 45

Obstruction of Lumens

Question 46

What is an example of an organism that causes obstruction of the lumens?

Answer 46

Ascaris lumbricoides

Question 47

Where may the obstruction of lumens occur?

Answer 47

Small intestine and Bile duct

Question 48

What organism causes penetration of host tissues?

Answer 48

E. histolytica

Question 49

____ Increased production of ____ as a result of parasite induced inflammation

Answer 49

White blood cells; WBCs

Question 50

_____ increased production of ______, a white blood cells, that is part of host defense against parasitic infections

Answer 50

Eosinophilia; eosinophils

Question 51

_____ Increased production of red blood cells due to anemia caused by parasite feeding

Answer 51

Erythropoiesis

Question 52

______ Uncontrolled proliferation of cells due to excessive parasite induced tissue damage and repair

Answer 52

Neoplasia

Question 53

What are factors that influence human intestinal helminth infections?

Answer 53

1- Socioeconomic; 2 host biological; 3. public infrastructure; 4. environmental; 5. demographic; 6. hygienic/behavioral

Question 54

Generally parasites have____-reproductivity.

Answer 54

hyper

Question 55

Which organism has a Female that produces 200,000 eggs per day?

Answer 55

Ascaris lumbricoides

Question 56

Which organism is a reproductive cyst?

Answer 56

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 57

_____ has a nuclear division in cyst stage versus normal division in pond Amoeba

Answer 57

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 58

What are the major groups of parasitic helmonths?

Answer 58

Nematodes; Cestodes; Trematodes

Question 59

Roundworms

Answer 59

Nematodes

Question 60

What type of nematode can live in the intestines?

Answer 60

Hookworm

Question 61

What type of nematode can live in the blood and tissues?

Answer 61

*Dracunculus medinensis*

Question 62

Tapeworms

Answer 62

Cestodes

Question 63

What type of cestode can live in the intestines?

Answer 63

*Taenia sp*

Question 64

What type of cestode can live in the tissue?

Answer 64

*Cystercercus cellulosae*

Question 65

Flukes

Answer 65

Trematodes

Question 66

What type of trematode can live in the intestines?

Answer 66

*Fasciolopsis buski*

Question 67

What type of trematode can live in the blood and tissues?

Answer 67

Schistosoma sp

Question 68

What are examples of protozoan?

Answer 68

Amoeba; Ciliates; Flagellates; Sporozoans

Question 69

Sarcodina

Answer 69

Amoeba

Question 70

Ciliata

Answer 70

Ciliates

Question 71

Mastogophora

Answer 71

Flagellates

Question 72

Sporozoa

Answer 72

Sporozoans

Question 73

What type of amoeba can live in the intestines?

Answer 73

*Entamoeba histolytica*

Question 74

What type of tissue can live in the tissue?

Answer 74

*Enatamoeba histolytica*

Question 75

What type of ciliate lives in the intestines?

Answer 75

*Balantidium coli*

Question 76

What type of flagellates live in blood and tissue?

Answer 76

*Trypanosoma gambiensis*

Question 77

What type of sporozoans live in blood and tissues?

Answer 77

*Plasmodium sp.*