Lecture 1 - Anatomical basics

Question 1

Mid-sagittal/median plane

Answer 1

Vertical plane passing through the centre of the body (midline) that cuts it longitudinally into right and left halves

Question 2

Sagittal plane

Answer 2

Arbitrary vertical plane passing through the body parallel to the midline, slicing it longitudinally into right and left parts - not in the middle

Question 3

Frontal (coronal) plane

Answer 3

Vertical plane at right angle to the sagittal plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Question 4

Transverse (axial) plane

Answer 4

Horizontal plane at right angles to the sagittal and frontal planes, slicing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. The obtained cuts are transverse or axial views.

Question 5

Anterior

Answer 5

In front of or front

Question 6

Posterior

Answer 6

In behind of or behind

Question 7

Ventral

Answer 7

Towards the front of the body

Question 8

Dorsal

Answer 8

Towards the back of the body

Question 9

Distal

Answer 9

Away or farthest away from the trunk or the point of origin of the body part

Question 10

Proximal

Answer 10

Closer or towards the trunk or the point of origin of the body part

Question 11

Median

Answer 11

Midline of the bod

Question 12

Medial

Answer 12

Towards the median

Question 13

Lateral

Answer 13

Away from median

Question 14

Superior

Answer 14

Towards the top of the head

Question 15

Inferior

Answer 15

Towards the feet

Question 16

Cranial

Answer 16

Towards the head

Question 17

Caudal

Answer 17

Towards the tail

Question 18

External

Answer 18

Towards the surface, superficial

Question 19

Internal

Answer 19

Away from the surface, deep

Question 20

Superficial

Answer 20

Nearer to the surface

Question 21

Deep

Answer 21

Farther from the surface

Question 22

Palmar

Answer 22

Anterior hand or palm of hand (palmar)

Question 23

Dorsal (of hand)

Answer 23

Posterior surface of hand (dorsum)

Question 24

Plantar

Answer 24

Inferior surface of foot (sole)

Question 25

Dorsal (of foot)

Answer 25

Superior surface of foot (dorsum)

Question 26

Flexion

Answer 26

Decreasing the angle between two structures

Question 27

Extension

Answer 27

Increasing the angle between two structures

Question 28

Plantarflexion

Answer 28

Flexion of the plantar (underside) part of the foot

Question 29

Dorsiflexion

Answer 29

Flexion of the dorsum (top) part of the foot

Question 30

Abduction

Answer 30

Moving away from the midline

Question 31

Adduction

Answer 31

Moving towards the midline

Question 32

Protrusion

Answer 32

Moving straight ahead or forwards (tongue, mandible)

Question 33

Retrusion

Answer 33

Moving backwards (tongue, mandible)

Question 34

Protraction

Answer 34

Moving forwards and laterally simultaneously

Question 35

Retraction

Answer 35

Moving backwards and medially simultaneously

Question 36

Depression

Answer 36

Moving downwards

Question 37

Elevation

Answer 37

Moving upwards

Question 38

Medial (internal) rotation

Answer 38

Spiral movement (of a limb usually) towards the midline

Question 39

Lateral (external) rotation

Answer 39

Spiral movement (of a limb usually) away from the midline

Question 40

Rotation (trunk)

Answer 40

Twisting motion towards or away from the midline (left or right)

Question 41

Flexion (trunk)

Answer 41

Side (lateral flexion) or forward (anterior flexion) bending

Question 42

Extension (trunk)

Answer 42

Bending backwards

Question 43

Pronation

Answer 43

Medial rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the hand facing posteriorly (if in anatomical position) or inferiorly (if elbow is flexed)

Question 44

Supination

Answer 44

Lateral rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the hand facing anteriorly (if in anatomical position) or superiorly (if elbow is flexed)

Question 45

Circumduction

Answer 45

Combined movement starting with flexion, then abduction, extension, and ending with adduction

Question 46

Deviation

Answer 46

Movement of the wrist joint towards the radial or ulnar sides (radial deviation, ulnar deviation)

Question 47

Opposition

Answer 47

Touching the pad of any one of your fingers with the thumb of the same hand

Question 48

Reposition

Answer 48

Separating the pad of any of your fingers from the thumb of the same hand

Question 49

Inversion

Answer 49

Plantar side of the foot is rotated towards the median plane

Question 50

Eversion

Answer 50

Plantar side of the foot is rotated away from the median plane