Lecture 1 and 2

Question 1

What is physiology?

Answer 1

The study of the function of living things (how processes occur)

Question 2

Define tissue

Answer 2

Groups of cells with similar specialization

Question 3

Name the 4 types of tissue

Answer 3

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Question 4

What are the three functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 4

Protection, secretion, absorption

Question 5

What is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 5

Structural support

Question 6

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Answer 6

Movement

Question 7

What are three functions of nervous tissue?

Answer 7

Communication, coordination, control

Question 8

Name the body systems.

Answer 8

Nervous
Immune
Reproductive
Circulatory
Respiratory
Muscular
Skeletal
Integumentary
Urinary
Endocrine
Digestive

Question 9

What two components make up the extracellular fluid?

Answer 9

Plasma (fluid portion of blood)
Interstital fluid (surrounds and bathes the cells)

Question 10

Define homeostasis

Answer 10

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

Question 11

Which body systems contribute to homeostasis?

Answer 11

All body systems

Question 12

Homeostatic control mechianisms may be _____ (local) or ______ (systemic)

Answer 12

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

Question 13

What is an intrinsic control system?

Answer 13

A control mechanism that is inherent in an organ

Question 14

Give an example of an intrinsic control system

Answer 14

Exercising skeletal muscle- vasodilation of blood vessels

Question 15

Give an example of an extrinsic control system

Answer 15

Blood pressure: nervous system acts on heart and blood vessels

Question 16

What is an extrinsic control system?

Answer 16

A control system initiated outside an organ to alter its activity

Question 17

What mediates extrinsic control systems?

Answer 17

Nervous and endocrine systems

Question 18

In negative feedback systems, changes in controlled variables triggers what?

Answer 18

A response to oppose that change, in opposite direction of initial change

Question 19

What is the result of negative feedback systems?

Answer 19

Maintain level of a specific variable within a given range/set point

Question 20

Negative feedback systems can do what?

Answer 20

Shut itself off

Question 21

A sensor detects deviation in a controlled variable and informs an….

Answer 21

Integrator

Question 22

What do integrators do in negative feedback systems?

Answer 22

Send instructions to effectors which then bring about compensatory responses

Question 23

Why is positive feedback rare within the body?

Answer 23

It opposes homeostasis

Question 24

What is positive feedback?

Answer 24

Control variable continues to move in the same direction of initial change, away from set point

Question 25

Give an example of positive feedback.

Answer 25

Release of oxytocin during end stages of pregnancy

Question 26

During parturition, what happens when the fetus changes position?

Answer 26

Pressure on the cervix causes stimulation of stretch-sensitive cells

Question 27

What happens when stretch-sensitive cells in the cervix are stimulated?

Answer 27

They send nerve impulses to the brain which releases oxytocin

Question 28

What does oxytocin cause?

Answer 28

Uterus contraction, increasing pressure on cervix

Question 29

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 29

Energy can neither be created or destroyed

Question 30

What are two types of energy output?

Answer 30

External work and internal work

Question 31

What is external work?

Answer 31

Energy expended by skeletal muscles to move external objects

Question 32

What is internal work?

Answer 32

Other forms of biological energy expenditure such as skeletal muscle activity and energy expending activities required to sustain life

Question 33

What uses the most ATP in the body?

Answer 33

The heart

Question 34

How much ATP does the heart use a day?

Answer 34

6KG, 20-30x its own weight

Question 35

How many times does the heart beat per day?

Answer 35

100,000 beats

Question 36

How many tons of blood does the heart pump per day?

Answer 36

10 tons

Question 37

What is metabolic substrate utilization?

Answer 37

Fuel from food

Question 38

Define metabolic rate.

Answer 38

Rate at which energy expended by the body per unit of time

Question 39

How does most of the body's energy expenditure appear?

Answer 39

As heart

Question 40

How is metabolic rate expressed?

Answer 40

Rate of heart production per hour (Kcal/hr)

Question 41

What factors influence metabolic rate?

Answer 41

Muscular activity, food intake, shivering, anxiety, fasting/malnutrition, fever, hormones

Question 42

What hormones influence metabolic rate?

Answer 42

Catecholamines, growth hormone, thyroid hormone

Question 43

Define basal metabolic rate (BMR).

Answer 43

Index of metabolism under standardised conditions, minimal waking rate of internal energy expenditure

Question 44

What are the standardised basal conditions?

Answer 44

Awake, relaxed and rested (>30 mins), supine, warm (20-25 degrees), fasting (8-12 hr)

Question 45

What is the average BMR?

Answer 45

20-25 kcal/kg body weight/day

Question 46

How is BMR measured?

Answer 46

Direct or indirect calorimetry

Question 47

What is indirect calorimetry?

Answer 47

Practical, less constly, O2 uptake per unit of time is measured

Question 48

Why is O2 uptake measured to measure BMR?

Answer 48

Direct relationship between O2 consumed and heat produced | Food+O2--> CO2 + H2O + energy (mostly heat)

Question 49

How does age effect BMR?

Answer 49

Higher BMR in children, age decreases BMR

Question 50

How does gender effect BMR?

Answer 50

BMR lower in females

Question 51

How does body weight effect BMR?

Answer 51

Higher BMR in obesity

Question 52

How does sleep effect BMR?

Answer 52

Can decrease BMR by 10-15%

Question 53

What other factors influence BMR?

Answer 53

Genetic determinants, lean body mass, body surface area. environmental temp, hormones