Lecture 1 and 2 notes

Question 1

What is injury prevention?

Answer 1

Reduction of force, protective equipment, tech development, balanced opponents, preventative taping, facility conditions, rules and enforcement.

Question 2

How does strengthening of body parts relate to injury?

Answer 2

The stronger the joint, the less likely injury will occur there.

Question 3

What is the role of screening of participants in injury prevention?

Answer 3

Determine if they are fit to participate and eliminate if it’s not safe for them to participate.

Question 4

What are the three levels of preventative medicine?

Answer 4

Primary: prevent injury and illness. Secondary: once injury has happened. Tertiary: when original function cannot be returned.

Question 5

What are primary preventative measures?

Answer 5

Warm up, stretching, training (off season, in season), preparticipation screens, rest days, hydration, diet and lifestyle choices.

Question 6

What are secondary preventative measures?

Answer 6

Antibiotics/anti-inflammatories, rehab to return to original function, braces and taping on return to sport.

Question 7

What are tertiary preventative measures?

Answer 7

Reduce long-term impairment, rehab to reduce disability, improve quality of life.

Question 8

What is the importance of preparation in injury prevention?

Answer 8

Decrease incidence and severity of injuries through general conditioning and endurance training.

Question 9

What is the relationship between fitness and heart rate?

Answer 9

Fitness is proportional to resting HR over a minute.

Question 10

What are the types of muscle contractions?

Answer 10

Isometric (muscle contracting without changing length), isotonic (muscle contracting with length change).

Question 11

What is the difference between gross and fine motor skills?

Answer 11

Gross motor skills involve larger movements, while fine motor skills involve smaller, more precise movements.

Question 12

What are the macronutrient percentages recommended for a balanced diet?

Answer 12

Proteins: 20-25%, Carbs: 55-60%, Fats: 20-30%.

Question 13

What are the signs and symptoms of dehydration?

Answer 13

Early: thirst, fatigue, weakness, headache, dry mouth, loss of appetite, dark urine, muscle cramps. Late: nausea, hot to touch, dizziness, confusion, fainting, lack of coordination.

Question 14

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 14

Rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolor (pain), functio laesa (loss of function).

Question 15

What are the phases of soft tissue injury repair?

Answer 15

Acute Inflammatory Phase (0-72 hours), Proliferation/repair phase (2 days to 6 weeks), Remodeling/maturation phase (4 weeks to 6 months or longer).

Question 16

What is the difference between strain and sprain?

Answer 16

Strain refers to muscles and tendons, while sprain refers to ligaments.

Question 17

What is the role of ice in injury treatment?

Answer 17

Ice causes vasoconstriction, decreases bleeding, inflammatory response, swelling, pain, and muscle spasms.

Question 18

What is the role of heat in injury treatment?

Answer 18

Heat increases blood flow, relaxes muscles, and can help in the healing process.

Question 19

What is the effect of ice on blood supply?

Answer 19

Ice causes vasoconstriction, leading to decreased bleeding into injured tissue, decreased inflammatory response, decreased swelling, decreased pain, decreased muscle spasms, and decreased cell damage.

Cooling cells reduces their oxygen requirement, resulting in less tissue death.

Question 20

What happens to muscle below 25 degrees C?

Answer 20

Muscle becomes more susceptible to fatigue below 25 degrees C.

Question 21

What is the effect of heat on blood supply?

Answer 21

Heat causes vasodilation, leading to increased inflammatory response, increased swelling, decreased pain, decreased muscle spasm, decreased stiffness, and increased metabolism in warm cells.

The critical temperature for threshold benefits is 39 degrees C.

Question 22

What is inflammation?

Answer 22

Protective tissue reaction initiating the healing process

It is considered ‘clinical’ if it causes pain or disability.

Question 23

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 23

• Rubour - increased blood flow (redness)
• Calor - increased blood flow (heat)
• Tumour - fluid accumulation (swelling)
• Dolor - local tissue pressure (pain)
• Functio laesa - loss of function

These signs are highly dependent on the severity of the injury.

Question 24

What occurs during the acute inflammatory phase?

Answer 24

Vascular and cellular events that occur within 0-72 hours after injury

This includes vasoconstriction, stasis, and the activation of the coagulation cascade.

Question 25

What is vasoconstriction?

Answer 25

Blood vessels constrict for a brief period to limit blood loss ## Footnote This occurs in seconds.

Question 26

What is vasodilation?

Answer 26

Increased blood flow and vascular permeability following vasoconstriction ## Footnote This occurs in minutes.

Question 27

What is margination in the context of inflammation?

Answer 27

The process where white blood cells roll along the blood vessel wall and expose receptors ## Footnote This allows for adhesion and migration into damaged tissue.

Question 28

What are the benefits of inflammation?

Answer 28

* Clotting factors * Anti-infection materials (leukocytes, phagocytes, antibodies) * Nutrients (O2, amino acids, glucose) * Stimulates neovascularization ## Footnote Inflammation aids in healing and defense against pathogens.

Question 29

What are potential outcomes of excessive or chronic inflammation?

Answer 29

* Tissue damage * Fibrosis * Necrosis ## Footnote These outcomes can have serious implications for recovery.

Question 30

What are systemic manifestations of inflammation?

Answer 30

* Fever * Leukocytosis * Myalgia * Arthralgia * Malaise * Chills ## Footnote These symptoms indicate a body-wide response to inflammation.

Question 31

What is the primary goal of treatment for inflammation?

Answer 31

Remove underlying cause ## Footnote This may include incising and draining abscesses, antibiotics, and local treatments.

Question 32

What occurs during the proliferation/repair phase?

Answer 32

Repair of damaged tissue, involving neovascularization and collagen formation ## Footnote This phase lasts from 2 days to 6 weeks.

Question 33

What characterizes early scar tissue?

Answer 33

* More type 3 collagen * Less type 1 collagen * Weak and susceptible to reinjury * Poorly vascularized * Disorganized collagen structure ## Footnote This is a crucial phase of tissue healing.

Question 34

What happens during the remodeling/maturation phase?

Answer 34

Realignment and maturation of collagen fibers, typically lasting 4 weeks to 24 months ## Footnote This stage is essential for restoring normal tissue function.

Question 35

What is shock?

Answer 35

Decreased blood flow to certain areas of the body ## Footnote It can result from various causes such as blood pooling or infection.

Question 36

What are the symptoms of dehydration?

Answer 36

* Early: thirst, fatigue, headache, dry mouth, dark urine, muscle cramps * Late: nausea, dizziness, confusion, fainting ## Footnote Severe dehydration can lead to life-threatening conditions.

Question 37

What are macronutrients?

Answer 37

* Proteins * Carbohydrates * Fats ## Footnote These are essential for energy and bodily functions.

Question 38

What is the caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats?

Answer 38

* Protein: 4 kcal/g * Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/g * Fats: 9 kcal/g ## Footnote Understanding this helps in dietary planning.

Question 39

What are micronutrients?

Answer 39

* Vitamins (ADEK and BC) * Minerals (essential and trace) ## Footnote They play crucial roles in body functions but are not used for energy.

Question 40

What defines essential minerals?

Answer 40

Need approximately 100mg a day ## Footnote Examples include sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

Question 41

What defines trace minerals?

Answer 41

Need less than 30mg a day ## Footnote Examples include zinc, iron, and copper.