Lecture 1 Cell Reaction To Injury

Question 1

study of suffering

Answer 1

pathology

Question 2

old fashioned term that use to include sins, evil spirits and gods along with other causative agents

Answer 2

cause

Question 3

a summary of ALL factors leading to a diseased state, including predispositions and environmental influence

Answer 3

etiology

Question 4

the mechanism of development of disease state

Answer 4

pathogenesis

Question 5

structural alterations on cellular, tissue, and organ level

Answer 5

morphologic changes

Question 6

symptoms and signs directly associated with a diseased state

Answer 6

clinical significance

Question 7

homeostatic processes include adaptation to significant changes in what 3 phenomenons

Answer 7

1. availability of the substrate
2. physical condition
3. accumulation of the waste

Question 8

when cells manage to stay grossly functional we call that

Answer 8

adaptation

Question 9

when the cells i dysfunctional but capable of getting back to the functional state this is called

Answer 9

reversible injury

Question 10

when the cell cannot return to functional state

Answer 10

irreversible injury (cell death is imminent)

Question 11

what 2 main stimuli lead to cell adaptation or injury

Answer 11

1. change in demand

2. hypoxia

Question 12

what are the three elements of “change in demand”

Answer 12

1. workload
2. hormonal stimulation
3. nervous stimulation

Question 13

what are the two types of hypoxia

Answer 13

1. inadequate tissue oxygenation

2. inadequate blood oxygenation

Question 14

what are the 3 causes of inadequate tissue oxygenation?

Answer 14

1. ischemia
2. hypovolemia
3. heart failure

Question 15

what are the 4 causes of inadequate blood oxygenation?

Answer 15

1. Respiratory Injury
2. Anemia
3. CO Poisoning
4. High Altitude

Question 16

What is the main organelle hit in the cell during hypoxia

Answer 16

Mitochondria (and subsequently ATP production)

Question 17

What metabolic pathway is still alive in cell hypoxia?

Answer 17

Anaerobic glycolysis, but it forms lactic acid, increasing anion gap, and dropping pH

Question 18

As a result of cellular hypoxia, the Na/K pump also dies allowing for what ions to move in what direction?

Answer 18

K leaves & Na/Calcium/H20 get in
(cell swells)
(protein synthesis also stops)

Question 19

chemical injury can alter what two cellular functions

Answer 19

1. membrane permeability

2. co-factor/enzyme function

Question 20

besides mechanical injury, high body temperature does what inside the cell

Answer 20

denatures proteins

Question 21

low cell temperature does what inside the cell?

Answer 21

inactivates proteins

Question 22

ionizing UV radiation does what

Answer 22

1. produces free radicals

2. damages DNA

Question 23

Give some sources of free radicals

Answer 23

1. normal metabolic process
2. from ionizing radiation
3. enzyme degradation from pharm drugs
4. Transitional metals (Iron, copper)
5. Nitric Oxide (NO)

Question 24

Free radical presence can cause

Answer 24

1. lipid peroxidation
2. protein damage
3. DNA damage

Question 25

Free radicals can be eliminated by....

Answer 25

1. Antioxidants (vitamins, etc.) 2. Natural decay 3. Enzymes (that themselves become disabled) 4. Special enzyme (Super Oxide Dismutase)

Question 26

what type of virus leads to cell death

Answer 26

Cytolytic (Adeno, HSV)

Question 27

what type of virus leads to proliferation of cells

Answer 27

Oncogenic (HPV, EBV)

Question 28

what are the 4 nutrients that if imbalanced, can lead to cell injury or adaptation

Answer 28

1. calories 2. proteins 3. vitamins 4. minerals

Question 29

what are the 2 immunological reactions to cell injury/adaptation

Answer 29

inflammation and autoimmune disease

Question 30

as we age, what occurs with cells

Answer 30

inability to repair, and effectively replicate

Question 31

failure of cell production

Answer 31

aplasia

Question 32

absence of organ or limb in fetal develope as a result of asplasia is called...?

Answer 32

agenesis

Question 33

later in life, absence of tissue is result of loss of what type of cell?

Answer 33

progenitor cells (bone marrow)

Question 34

what is the term for the less extreme aplasia, where there is a decrease in cell production

Answer 34

hypoplasia (usually due to lack of hormones, i.e. turners/kleinfelters)

Question 35

decrease in the size of the organ or tissue due to shrinking cell size

Answer 35

atrophy

Question 36

atrophy is an active and specific response, not just passive cell loss....true or false

Answer 36

true

Question 37

what does each cell undergo first in atrophy

Answer 37

decreased protein synthesis (some however are upregulated)

Question 38

which protein synthesis is upregulated in atrophy?

Answer 38

contractile proteins like ubiuitin and cortisol and thyroxine (insulin opposes these two)

Question 39

is gene expression altered in cell atrophy?

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

the cell decreases in its utilization of what food?

Answer 40

fats (hence lipid deposits in infarcted cardiomyosites)

Question 41

what new granule is present that now contains degraded organelles in atrophy?

Answer 41

autophagic granules