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neuro 80 > lecture 1 cells of nervous system > Flashcards

lecture 1 cells of nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Fmri vs mri functions

A

fmri (functional magnetic resonance imaging) allows you to see the rate of blood flow to certain parts of the brain. mri (magnetic resonance imaging) allows you to see detailed images of internal structures in the body

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2
Q

types of nervous system (in terms of studying)

A

systems (visual, motor, autonomic)
cells (neurons and their parts)
molecules (gene product)

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3
Q

central dogma of molecular biology

A

genes created in dna are transcribed into mrna then translated into proteins

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4
Q

why is protein important

A

it’s needed as building blocks for muscles, repairing tissue, for oxygenating blood (hemoglobin), making digestive enzymes, regulating protein, and more

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5
Q

what is in situ hybridization

A

assays used to reveal which mrna is being translated (so which genes are being expressed)

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6
Q

how is dna packaged

A

wraps around histone octamers (chromatin) then condenses into chromosomes

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7
Q

how many chromosomes do we have

A

23 pairs (46)

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8
Q

difference between major and minor groove

A

major has more information and can differentiate between nucleotides actg

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9
Q

how do transcription factors identify base pairs to start transcribing

A

major and minor grooves

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10
Q

most known transcription factor

A

tata box

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11
Q

process to make mature mrna

A

cap tail splice

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12
Q

what enzyme needs to be recruited by transcription factors

A

rna polymerase, to start synthesizing mrna

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13
Q

what are the cap and tail of mature mrna made of

A

adenine

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14
Q

what must be spliced out before mrna can leave the nucleus

A

introns

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15
Q

where must the mature mrna go to be translated into protein

A

ribosomes

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16
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

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17
Q

how long is a codon

A

three nucleotides

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18
Q

start and stop codons

A

aug (methionine) and uag/uga/aaa

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19
Q

how do trna charge

A

covalent coupling of amino acid to respective trna in enzyme synthetase (with help of atp)

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20
Q

steps of translation

A

1) trna charging
2) charged trna enters binding site in ribosome
3) peptide bond formed between amino acids
4) ribosome translocates to next codon

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21
Q

what is the golgi stain

A

made by camillo golgi, first technique to reveal full neurons

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22
Q

who is santiago ramon y cajal

A

neuroscientist who used golgi stain to identify different cell types in cerebellum

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23
Q

neural doctrine vs reticular theory

A

neural doctrine: neurons are discrete cellular units
reticular theory: neurons are part of a net-like structure of an interconnected network, no individual cellular entities

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24
Q

what is a cell

A

basic structural unit of life

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25
parts of a cell
nucleus (has dna) mitochondria (makes energy) golgi apparatus (sorts proteins) and makes vesicles (transports proteins) ribosomes (make proteins) lysosomes (destroys proteins) smooth endoplasmic reticulum (makes lipids) peroxisomes (destroys lipids)
26
what parts of a cell does the nerve cell have
nucleus mitochondria rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes *only cells with synaptic vesicles
27
features of a neuron
excitability compartmentalization (soma, dendrites, axon) synaptic connections post-mitotic
28
what is dynamic polarization
information is received by the dendrites (through synapses), integrated by the axon, and conducted by the axon before being sent out again
29
dendrite look and function
relatively short, has spines, many of them
30
axon look and function
only one comes from soma, can be quite long, no spines, cant make protein sometimes myelinated has caliber (how wide) and wider caliber=faster conduction axoplasmic transport
31
types of axoplasmic transport
anterograde (toward axon) retrograde (away from axon)
32
proteins used in axoplasmic transport
dynein (retrograde) and kinesin (anterograde)
33
what is a synapse
junction between two neurons that allows transmission of electrical nerve impulse
34
parts of synapse
presynaptic: axon of neuron postsynaptic: dendrite of another neuron
35
process of synapse
presynaptic axon terminal has synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters vesicles dumped into extracellular space navigate and attach to receptors on postsynaptic dendrite (or soma)
36
what are glial cells
supporting cells that are smaller than neurons but outnumber them
37
types of glial cells
astrocytes (form blood brain barrier myelinating (oligodendrocytes in cns, schwann cells in pns) microglia (clean up debris from sites of damage)
38
why is there retrograde transport
possibly to recharge mitochondria
39
what are parts of soma
mitochondria cytoskeleton ribosomes golgi apparatus
40
where are proteins synthesized in a neuron
soma (has extra rer)
41
features of an axon
highly branched, long, thick, sometimes myelinated comes out from soma cant make proteins makes up most of neuron volume higher caliber=better conduction
42
what do motor proteins do
kinesin holds onto the anterograde cargo and "walks" it across microtubule dynein does the same the other way
43
types of transport, most effective in terms of speed
electrical signals are faster- diffusion would take years!
44
nerve terminal function
axon terminal makes synaptic contact with dendrites of other neurons to share information
45
why do dendrites have spines
give wider net to catch synapse
46
difference between glial cell and neuron
smaller, more of them, can replicate, unexcitable, only few types
47
nissl stain made of what, and what is the function
nissl bodies made of rer used to stain nucleus and look at structure
48
what is gene expression
types of genes transcribed and where
49
what is cytosol
protein rich intracellular fluid that fills the cell
50
what do mitochondrion do
energy stored in glucose bonds broken down to form atp in oxygen dependent reactions
51
what is a neurite
neuronal process that comes out of cell body (dendrite and axon)
52
what do microtubules do
provide structural support and mechanism for transport since axons are so long
53
what is the axon initial segment
site of action potential initiation
54
what is myelin made of and what does it do
made from glial cells (depending on cns or pns which type sheathes axons with layers of glial cells to stop electrical current leakage increases speed axons can send signals makes white matter
55
what are motor neurons
neurons that innervate (supply) muscles
56
what are sensory neurons
neurons that carry sensory info from the periphery
57
types of axon length
projection neurons (long, connect one part of brain to another) interneurons (short, connect locally)
58
fmri
functional magnetic resonance imaging
59
Cytosol
the protein rich liquid that fills the cell, also referred to as intracellular fluid (oppose to extracellular fluid, that surrounds the cell).
60
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
a system of membrane stacks with many ribosomes attached. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the synthesis of proteins and is enriched in neurons with long axons compared to other cell types.
61
Golgi apparatus
organelle consisting of many folded membranes and vesicles that is involved in the secretion and transport of proteins
62
Mitochondria
organelles involved in energy production. Within a mitochondrion, the energy stored in glucose bonds is broken down to form ATP in oxygen dependent reactions
63
Central Dogma
explains how genetic information flows within an organism. DNA is copied into RNA in a process call transcription, and RNA is used to create proteins in a process called translation
64
Neurite
a neuronal process or projection that arises from the cell body, either an axon or a dendrite
65
Dendrite
type of neurite, usually branched and shorter than the axon, that receives much of the synaptic input to that neuron
66
microtubules
provide structural support and provide a mechanism for transport
67
Myelin
insulation around some axons composed of layers of glial membrane. Myelin increases the speed that axons can send information (electrical pulses)
68
Number of “neurites”
most neurons have 1 axon and many dendrites extending from off the cell soma. There are some important exceptions. The pseudo-unipolar cells that send sensory information (like touch or stretch) seem to have just one long axon with the soma in the middle. (1a axon) Bipolar cells can be found in the in the eye
69
Astrocyte
type of glial cell located in the central nervous system (CNS) which aids in maintaining the appropriate chemical environment of the brain including formation of the blood brain barrier, transferring nutrients from the blood to the neurons, and removing chemicals from the extracellular fluid surround synapses
70
Oligodendrocyte
type of glial cell responsible for myelinating axons within the CNS. A single oligodendrocyte wraps part of its membrane many times around segments of multiple axons
71
Schwann cell
type of glial cell responsible for myelinating axons within the peripheral nervous system (PNS) . A single Schwann cell wraps itself many times around a single segment of one axon.
72
Microglia
type of glial cell that has many immune response properties including removal of cellular debris, modulating local inflammation and influencing neuronal survival
73
Define the neuron doctrine and describe the initial evidence for it
answer yourself
74
Understand and apply the law of dynamic polarization to a simple neuronal circuit diagram to predict the direction of the flow of information
answer yourself
75
Draw a neuron from memory; label and be able to differentiate all of the neuronal specific parts
answer yourself
76
List the main properties and distinguishing characteristics of axons and dendrites
answer yourself
77
Define “glial cell” and describe the main classes of glia

neuro 80 (25 decks)

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