lecture 2 neuroanatomy Flashcards

(81 cards)

1
Q

superior

A

above body

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2
Q

inferior

A

below body

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3
Q

caudal

A

toward tail

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4
Q

rostral

A

toward nose

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5
Q

dorsal

A

toward back

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6
Q

ventral

A

toward belly/front

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7
Q

lateral

A

away from middle

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8
Q

medial

A

toward middle

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9
Q

contralateral

A

opposite sides

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10
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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11
Q

what is the cns made of

A

brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

what is the cns made of

A

cranial and spinal nerves that branch out from brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs

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13
Q

what are the functions of the pns

A

sensory, motor

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14
Q

two parts of autonomic motor function in pns

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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15
Q

autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic/sympathetic function)

A

controls internal milieu like peristalsis of stomach, heart rate, blood pressure, pupil dilation, salivation, etc)

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16
Q

difference of sympathetic or parasympathetic

A

sympathetic (fight or flight, purpose is selective energy expenditure for intense activity)
parasympathetic (rest and digest, purpose is to reduce energy expense and build reserves)

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17
Q

location of ganglia in cns and pns

A

cns (close to target organ)
pns (far from target organ)

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18
Q

what is a ganglion

A

cluster of cell bodies

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19
Q

why is white matter white

A

myelinated axons

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20
Q

what are the parts of the brain stem

A

medulla, pons

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21
Q

midbrain function

A

auditory and visual center like eye movement

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22
Q

cerebellum

A

muscle and reflex coordination, balance, fine motor movements

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23
Q

parts of diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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24
Q

thalamus function

A

sensory and motor relay

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25
hypothalamus function
controls hormone system and keeps homeostasis
26
cerebrum
where thinking takes place, also known as neocortex
27
gyri
bumps
28
sulci
valleys
29
fissures
deep groove
30
central sulcus
deep fissure between frontal and parietal lobe
31
basal ganglia
initiation and execution of movement
32
huntingtons
loss of neurons in area of basal ganglia, uncontrollable movement
33
parkinsons
loss of neurons with dopamine, causes tremors and hard to move
34
amygdala
controls fear and emotion
35
hippocampus
in temporal lobe, controls memory
36
grey vs white matter
grey: has neuronal cell bodies, synapses, dendrites white: made of myelinated axons, connects areas of nervous system and allows communication from grey matter and neurons to rest of body
37
histological mapping
neuron shape and arrangement means functional differences
38
functional mapping
lesion studies, might need fmri, dbs, direct recording
39
dbs
deep brain stimulation, can help depression or parkinsons
40
4 lobes of cerebral cortex
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
41
frontal lobe function
personality, decision making, executive functioning has brocas area
42
temporal lobe functioning
language, hearing, memory has wernickes area
43
parietal lobe
sensation
44
occipital lobe
visual information
45
wernickes area (fluent)
can't process language, so speaks but doesnt make sense temporal lobe (language comprehension)
46
brocas area (nonfluent)
can process language but speech is impaired frontal lobe (impairs motor planning so cant form words)
47
coronal slice of brain
think of stick given to queen during coronation (standing up, can see from side piece)
48
horizonal slice of brain
pizza (flat slice)
49
sagittal slice
hot dog (looking from side)
50
what is the peripheral nervous system made of
nerves (bundles of axons) and ganglia can be divided into sensory and motor parts
51
what does the motor component of the pns do
carries signals from cns to skeletal muscles (via somatic motor system) or smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (autonomic motor system)
52
what are meninges
the three layers of membranes that cushion and protect the brain
53
what are the two hemispheres and what connects them
left and right, connected by tracts of axons (white matter)
54
lateral sulcus
also called sylvian fissure, divides frontal and parietal lobe from temporal lobe
55
angle between forebrain and brainstem
120 degrees
56
anterior
near front
57
posterior
back
58
what is a stroke
blood clot that occludes blood vessel stopping flow of blood into brain, or blood vessel bursts causes neurons to die if caught early can stop long lasting damage
59
role of autonomic nervous system
regulates involuntary physiological processes like respiration and cardiac activity
60
cell structure unique to neurons
synaptic vesicles
61
where does a neuron primarily receive input
dendrite
62
can each neuron type be identified by expression of a single gene
no
63
nerves
(bundles of axons)
64
ganglia
(clusters of neuronal cell bodies)
65
what information do sensory neurons with cell bodies in a dorsal root ganglion carry
somatosensory information: touch, vibration, proprioception (where your limbs and joints are positioned in space), temperature, itch, and even pain information from your body to the central nervous system.
66
gyri
bumps
67
sulci
groves
68
The temporal lobe lies blank to the sylvian fissue
ventral
69
hippocampus
embedded deep within the temporal lobe and is critical in memory and spatial navigation (works with memory)
70
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
71
brain stem
controls our vital functions (breathing, heart rate, etc.) and conveying motor and sensory information to and from the periphery
72
Briefly state the role of the autonomic nervous system and describe the opposing effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
73
Know the major functions the location of: the four major lobes of the forebrain (cerebral cortex), the diencephalon(thalamus and hypothalamus), brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
frontal occipital temporal parietal thalamus hypothalamus pons medulla oblongata midbrain cerebellum spinal cord
74
Apply the anatomic directional terms: dorsal/ventral, rostral/caudal, medial/lateral to diagrams of the brain or spinal cord.
75
Why is there retrograde transport in axons
Signals from periphery (trophic factors) need to get back to soma; recharge certain organelles (e.g. mitochondria)
76
Why do dendrites of different types of neurons have such specific dendritic shapes?
Shape allows collection of input from axons that may be spatially organized (e.g. parallel fibers is cerebellum
77
what is the nervous system's two main parts
pns and cns
78
what's cns made of
brain and spinal cord
79
what kinds of neurons is the pns made of
motor neurons (cns to muscles and glands) and sensory neurons (sensory organs to cns)
80
what nervous systems do motor neurons make up
somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) --autonomic has sympathetic and parasympathetic
81
What are the key differences between the Neuronal Doctrine and the Reticular Theory
Neuronal doctrine (championed by Ramon y Cajal) stated that the nervous system was composed of discrete parts (neurons) while the Reticular Theory (championed by Golgi) stated that the nervous system was a continuous network without individual cells and chemical synapses