Lecture 1: Characteristics of Bacteria

Question 1

What are the smallest infectious agents/particles?

Answer 1

Viruses

Question 2

What are viruses considered?

Answer 2

True parasites

Question 3

What is required for viruses to replicate?

Answer 3

Host cells

Question 4

What does the genome of viruses consist of?

Answer 4

Either DNA or RNA encapsulated in a protein shell with or without a lipid membrane envelope

Question 5

Describe bacteria

Answer 5

prokaryotic unicellular organisms

Question 6

What do bacteria NOT have

Answer 6

they don’t have nuclear membranes, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, or ERs.

Question 7

how do bacteria reproduce

Answer 7

by asexual division

Question 8

describe fungi

Answer 8

eukaryotic organisms

Question 9

what is present in fungi cells

Answer 9

they have well-defined nuclei, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and ERs

Question 10

In what two ways can fungi exist

Answer 10

either in a unicellular form or a filamentous form

Question 11

what is the unicellular form of fungi

Answer 11

yeast

Question 12

what is the filamentous form of fungi

Answer 12

mold

Question 13

describe parasites

Answer 13

complex microorganisms

Question 14

what are parasites classified as

Answer 14

eukaryotic

Question 15

are parasites uni or multicellular

Answer 15

some are unicellular, some are multicellular

Question 16

what are the three domains of life

Answer 16

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Question 17

what are prokaryotic organisms

Answer 17

bacteria and archaea

Question 18

what is the main difference regarding nuclei between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 18

eukaryotes have a classic membrane surrounding the nucleus, prokaryotes have no nuclear membrane

Question 19

what is the main difference regarding chromosomes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 19

eukaryotes have strands of DNA and a diploid genome, prokaryotes have singular, circular DNA haploid genome

Question 20

what is the main difference regarding cell walls between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 20

fungi (a eukaryote) has a cell wall, but for other eukaryotes, there is no cell wall, prokaryotes have a complex structure containing protein and peptidoglycan
The cell wall for many prokaryotes contain polysaccharides, teichoic acid, and lipopolysaccharide

Question 21

what is the main difference regarding reproduction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 21

eukaryotes have sexual and asexual reproduction, prokaryotes have asexual reproduction (binary fission)

Question 22

what are the major groups in eukaryotes

Answer 22

algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, animals

Question 23

what are the major groups in prokaryotes

Answer 23

bacteria

Question 24

are prokaryotes or eukaryotes usually larger

Answer 24

eukaryotes are larger than prokaryotes

Question 25

what is the hierarchy of classification for organisms

Answer 25

Don't People Crunch On Free Gummy Snacks? Domain Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Question 26

what is a Domain

Answer 26

the highest level of classification, distinguished by molecule analysis

Question 27

what is a Phylum

Answer 27

a group of similar classes

Question 28

what is a class

Answer 28

a group of similar orders

Question 29

what is an order

Answer 29

a group of similar families

Question 30

what is a family

Answer 30

a group made up of related genera

Question 31

what is a genus

Answer 31

a genus consists of species that differ from each other in certain ways but are related

Question 32

what is a species

Answer 32

a population of cells with similar characteristics (biochemically the same, shape, gram stain, oxygen requirements, etc.)

Question 33

How are organisms named

Answer 33

each organism has two names

Question 34

what is the first name in an organism name and how is it written

Answer 34

the genus is the first name and is always capitalized

Question 35

what is the second name in an organism name and how is it written

Answer 35

the species is the second name and is never capitalized

Question 36

how is the font written for organism names

Answer 36

the genus and species must both be italicized or both be underlined, NOT a mix of the two

Question 37

what is a strain

Answer 37

a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism

Question 38

how can a particular strain of bacteria be distinguished

Answer 38

using antibodies to detect characteristic antigens on the bacteria

Question 39

what is serotyping

Answer 39

using antibodies to detect characteristic antigens on the bacteria to distinguish the bacteria

Question 40

what is an isolate

Answer 40

a pure culture of bacteria, usually obtained by sub-culturing a single colony grown from a specimen.

Question 41

what is the macroscopic appearance of bacteria and its distinctions

Answer 41

the color, size, shape, and smell of a bacterial colony its ability to resist certain antibiotics its ability to ferment specific sugars lyse erythrocytes

Question 42

what is an erythrocyte

Answer 42

a red blood cell

Question 43

what does it mean to lyse erythrocytes

Answer 43

to cause them to burst

Question 44

what is the microscopic appearance that can be used to distinguish bacteria

Answer 44

the shape (cocci, rods, curved, spiral)

Question 45

what is the cocci shape of bacteria

Answer 45

bacteria that are in clusters, chains, pairs, or tetrads

Question 46

what is a diplococci

Answer 46

a pair of bacteria

Question 47

what is a streptococci

Answer 47

a chain of bacteria

Question 48

what is a staphylococci

Answer 48

a group of bacteria

Question 49

what is a regular bacilli

Answer 49

a rod shaped bacteria

Question 50

what is a palisading bacilli

Answer 50

a group of rod-shaped bacteria

Question 51

what are spirochetes bacteria

Answer 51

helical bacteria