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Histology > Lecture 1- Collagen > Flashcards

Lecture 1- Collagen Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Type I collagen is synthesized by …..

A

fibroblasts
osteoblasts
odontoblasts

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2
Q

Primary function of Type I collagen

A

resist tension

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3
Q

Type II collagen is synthesized by …..

A

chondroblasts

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4
Q

Primary function of Type II collagen

A

resist tension

convert compressional forces to tensile forces

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5
Q

Type III collagen synthesized by……

A 
fibroblasts
smooth muscle cells
Schwann cells
hepatocytes
mesenchymal precursor cells
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6
Q

Primary function of Type III collagen

A

structural maintenance in expansible organs
wound healing
mediate attachments of tendon, ligament, periosteum to bone cortex

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7
Q

During the initial reparative phase, what is produced first?

A

Type III

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8
Q

what three amino acids form procollagen?

A

proline, lysine, glycine

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9
Q

How is tropocollagen molecules formed?

A

procollagen molecules are sent out of ER of fibroblasts into interstitial spaces where end components are removed.

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10
Q

Building blocks of collagen microfibrils

A

Tropocollagen

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11
Q

After _______ the polarity bonds are replaced with much stronger _________

A

6 months, covalent bonds

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12
Q

Collagen microfibril is formed by ___________

A

5 tropocollagen molecules

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13
Q

________ make up the ground substance or ECM of tendons, ligaments, and articular cartilage.

A

Proteoglycans

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14
Q

Glycosaminoglycans are monomer proteoglycans linked with various proteins to form organic sulfates _____,____,_____.

A

keratin
dermatin
chondroitin sulfates

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15
Q

GAG is produced by _______

A

fibroblasts

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16
Q

Primary function of GAG is…..

A

imbibing interstitial fluid

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17
Q

Imbibition is the primary way fluid nutrition is brought to ______

A

avascular tissues

tendons, ligaments, cartilage, discs

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18
Q

elasticity of collagen declines proportionately with…

A

decline of GAG

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19
Q

half life of GAG

A

1.7 to 7 days

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20
Q

______ is the best stimulus for fibroblastic function

A

tension

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21
Q

_______ stimulates protein synthesis, GAG, and hyaluronic acid

A

tension

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22
Q

Deep fibers pass through 4 distinct phases in transition from ligament to bone:

A

ligament
fibrocartilage
mineralized fibrocartilage
bone

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23
Q

family of proteins that mediate cell adhesion to the ECM

A

Integrins

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24
Q

Function of Integrins

A
  • function as regulatory receptors that can activate intracellular chemical signaling pathways
  • form physical associations with cytoskeleton proteins
  • provide continuous path for mechanical force transfer between cells and surrounding ECM
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25
Mechanical stimulus for maintenance and repair of blood vessels...
Hemodynamic forces
26
Physically interconnect with cytoskeleton to sense stresses and strains and regulates biochemical signaling events
Integrins
27
never stimulates cellular metabolism or collagen fibers
Immobilization
28
Cell growth rates are increased by.....
increased basic fibroblastic growth hormone fibronectin turbulent fluid shear stress
29
growth factor-beta-1 function
increase type I collagen synthesis in osteoblasts | regulate cartilage matrix and bone formation during remodeling
30
Insulin-like growth factor 1 function
stimulates collagen synthesis in bone, tendon, and fibroblasts
31
Insulin-like growth factor II function
stimulates type I collagen in bone
32
Platelet-derived growth factor function
stimulate type I collagen synthesis in bone cell cultures
33
Elastin is produced by _______
fibroblasts
34
half life of collagen
300-500 days
35
Immediately after injury, what happens
Macrophages destroy cellular debris and synthesize and secrete fibronectin
36
Fibronectin acts as a.....
chemotactic stimulus for fibroblasts to move into the region and begin producing protein and fiber
37
First week collagen forms fibers in______
randomized patterns
38
Myofibroblasts have 2 functions
- produce fiber like fibroblasts | - wound closure
39
collagen and fibronectin extension used to attach the cell to the center of a collagen fiber
myofibroblast anchoring strand (MAS)
40
Most effective way to prevent or modify tendon adhesions is ....
early and controlled passive mobilization of the tendon
41
4 stages of repair
necrosis revascularization cellular proliferation/collagen formation remodeling/maturation
42
Immediately after surgery and marked by inflammation of granulation tissue for about 2 weeks
necrosis
43
8 weeks, reflect the inflammatory response and usually decreases after 60 days
Revascularization
44
Increase the collagen content by 12 weeks
Cellular proliferation/collagen formation
45
ultimately heal the graft with required application of mechanical forces
Remodeling/maturation
46
Following immobilization of 9 weeks, significant loss of .....
hyaluronic acid and GAG (chondroitin-4 and chondroitin-6 sulfates
47
________ is responsible for transporting nutrition to avascular tissues
hyaluronic acid
48
most significant loss caused by immobilization....
decrease in GAG, chondroitin sulfates, and hyaluronic acid
49
what allows for elongation, or creep, to take place when under tension?
crimped structure
50
the amount of tension per unit of cross-sectional area of collagen
stress
51
the proportional elongation that occurs of collagen
strain
52
Toe Region
little increase in stress with elongation flattening of crimp wave normal physiological range
53
Linear Region
Stress increases exponentially with strain microfailure begins type IV mechanoreceptors fire
54
Progressive Failure Region
bonds fail under load to cause decrease in slope of curve not yet visible Type IV continue to fire
55
Major Failure Region
visible narrowing of tendon or ligament in area of shear and imminent rupture Type IV still firing
56
Complete Rupture Region
Rupture | Type IV stop firing
57
viscous phase
tension is absorbing by moving fluid pressure out of collagen matrix and flattening crimp wave chance of tissue damage is low
58
elastic phase
exceeds normal physiological limits and tissue damage begins
59
plastic phase
produces changes that are either permanent or require a long time before the collagen returns to original length and alignment
60
Force applied ______ to collagen through mobilization, stretching, or exercise will cause tissue deformation.
slowly
61
the first stop or end feel range
elastic range
62
final stop or overstretch
plastic range
63
______ is best obtained by repetitive 10-15 sec holds of tension during mobilization or self-mobilization through exercise
Physiologic deformation
64
______ responds to an increase in tension with an _____ in the tone of the muscle
muscle spindle, increase
65
Golgi Tendon Organ
In muscle tendons | signals muscle tension by sensing mechanical distortion
66
Firing GTO
leads to inhibition of muscle tone which increases the length of the muscle
67
Improving muscle flexibility is achieved by.....
inhibiting muscle tone | influencing collagen elasticity or plasticity
68
Two ways to inhibit muscle tone
neurologically - joint mobs, soft tissue, massage, trigger point work, spray and stretch, manipulation remove metabolites - exercise
69
Muscle's ability to lengthen under load eccentrically
elongation
70
3 requirements for scar formation:
macrophages prostaglandins oxygen
71
2 clinical solutions for painful scarring
manipulation to destroy C-fibers without hurting them | increase the elastic range - many reps of modified tension in line of stress
72
capillaries migrate into area and bring macrophages and fibroblasts
first day
73
fibroblasts proliferate and closure of injury occurs for skin and muscle
3-5 days
74
closure of injury for tendon and ligament
3-5 weeks
75
possibility of scar formation begins
8 weeks
76
bonds of scar tissue starts becoming covalently bonded making tissue non-elastic
6 months
77
3 reasons why patient might still have chronic tendinitis
- continuing to overload collagen in ADLs, work, or sports - PT overloading weakened tissue with inproper exercise - not leaving enough energy for tissue for protein synthesis to repair after exercise

Histology (2 decks)

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