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Lecture 1 Equine Flashcards

1
Q

Mare estrous cycle

A

• Mares are seasonally polyestrous
 Long day breeders (April- October)
 Photoperiodic control of reproduction

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2
Q

Mare estrous cycle and estrus length

A

21 days
 Length of estrus: 7 days (3 to 12 days)
– Ovulation occurs in the last 24 to 48 hours of estrus
– Dominant hormone: Estrogen (from preovulatory follicle)
– Uterine edema

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3
Q

Mare diestrus length

A

14–15 days
 Dominant hormone: Progesterone (causes maximal tone
uterine tone)
 Corpus luteum not palpable

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4
Q

When does the follicle ovulate?

A

At the last 24 hours of estrus

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5
Q

The corpus luteum in the horse is not palpable. Why?

A

They are intraovarian

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6
Q

Aging foals by racing industry

A

Foals will be considered one year of age on the first of Jan of the following year.

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7
Q

Advancing the breeding season- Artificial

photoperiod (management of mares)

A 
• Start 60 days before desired
breeding date
• Apply 16 hours of light per
day
• Intensity (10 foot-candles at
mare eye level or mare
within 8 feet of 200 watt
incandescent light bulb)
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8
Q

Hormonal management of advancing the breeding season

A 
• Combination light +
progesterone or light +
progesterone + GnRH or
Light + Dopamine
antagonist (sulpiride,
domperidone)
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9
Q

When is progesterone most effective in priming the mare?

A

Late in the transition (end of winter)

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10
Q

How does progesterone work to advance the breeding season?

A

• Primes the HPG axis “progesterone priming”

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11
Q

protocol to use short acting progesterone

A

 Short acting P4 only
– Altrenogest (0.044 mg/kg PO) or P4 in ooil (150 mg IM) given for 2
weeks after US detection of a 25 mm follicle
– Average days to estrus: 4 to 7
– Average days to ovulation: 7 to 12

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12
Q

protocol to use long acting progesterone

A

– 600 mg released over 7 to 10 days, administered when follicles >
25 mm
– Ovulation at 18.6 ±8.7 days vs. 26,7±14.7 days in untreated control

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13
Q

• Progesterone and estradiol (P/E) for management of the breeding season

A

Same protocol as for synchronization of mares

Often combined with artificial lighting programs

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14
Q

Breeds where natural cover is required

A

thoroughbred

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15
Q

Breeding options

A

• Natural cover (mandatory in some breeds i.e.
Thoroughbred)
• Artificial insemination with cooled shipped
semen
• Artificial insemination with frozen semen
• Embryo transfer
• Oocyte transfer or intra-cytoplasmic sperm
injection

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16
Q

Semen should be tested for what disease

A

equine viral arteritis

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17
Q

• Requirements for shipping equine semen into

Washington State

A

 Current Coggins test and health certificate
 Negative EVA test from the current calendar year or
proof of vaccination
 Semen permit number issued by the USDA
 Semen evaluation paperwork

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18
Q

Modern approach for in hand breeding

A 
 Objectives
– Limit # breeding in mares susceptible
to endometritis
– Efficient use of stallions
– Use Minimum contamination breeding
technique
 Monitor follicular growth and induce
ovulation
– Breed at the time of induction of
ovulation or 24 hours later
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19
Q

Monitoring mares for breeding

A
  • Mare is monitored by ultrasonography
  • Ovulation is induced pharmacologically
  • Follicle > 30 mm (GnRH, Deslorelin) or >35 mm (hCG)
  • Presence of uterine edema (i.e. mare is in estrus)
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20
Q

Indications for the induction of ovulation

A 
Indications
• Fixed-time AI
• Reduces the number of
inseminations/breedings
• Synchronization of mares
• Criteria for use
• Mare in estrus
• Follicle size
• Uterine edema
• Expected response rate
• 90%
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21
Q

hCG

A 
• Glycoprotein (human trophoblast)
• LH activity
• Can cause anaphylactic reactions
• Less efficacious if repeated
• Dose: 750 to 300 iu IV, most
commonly 2500 iu)
• Ovulation in 24 to 48 hours
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22
Q

Deslorelin (SucroMate®)

A 
• Peptide in oil-based controlled
release vehicle
• GnRH analogue
• 1.8 mg deslorelin acetate per mL
• 90% of mares ovulate in 41.9±9.4 h
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23
Q

Method to save sperm

A

deep horn insemination

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24
Q

24 hours after insemination

A
  • Check for ovulation (CH, uterine edema)
  • Check for accumulation of
    fluid (Persistent-Mating-
    Induced Endometritis;
    PMIE)
25
Pregnancy diagnosis
``` • 14 days post-ovulation  Check for double ovulation and twins  Check quality of CL  Place high risk mares on Progesterone therapy • 25-30 days  Fetal heartbeat • 45-60 days  Fetal sexing 56 to 65 days • Check at 90 –100 days (mares with reproductive problems) • Check at 5 months ```
26
Most important date in preg diagnosis
14 days
27
Management of the pregnant mare: Nutrition
• Up to 8 months, no additional nutrients  Fetal growth: 0.2 lb/day  Feeding: 1.5 -2% BW  Excercise
28
Nutrition in the last trimester
 Fetal growth: 1lb /day  10th month: fetus requires the most minera;s  The average thoroughbred mare gains 175 to 225 lbs (average foal birthweight: 100-125 lbs)  Feed 2.25 to 2.5% BW  Total protein of 12-14%  Ca/P ratio 1.2 to 1.5:1 Excessive nutrition is more common than starvation and may lead to some placental disease
29
Consideration regarding the management of nutrition of the pregnant mare
Make sure she doesn't have metabolic disease
30
Vaccination of mares (core)
```  Influenza  Eastern and Western encephalitis  Tetanus  Rabies  West Nile virus • Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1, Rhinopneumonitis) ```
31
• Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1, Rhinopneumonitis)
 Killed vaccine for prevention of abortion |  5th, 7th and 9th months of pregnancy
32
Deworming of pregnant mares
 Check label (safe for pregnant mares)  Ivermectin  Monitor fecal egg count (large studfarms with visiting mares)  Deworm 10 days before due dates
33
• Housing of pregnant mares
 Broodmares should be separated from yearlings and training horses  Pasture  Foaling stalls
34
Foaling management - what needs to be done following foaling
• Open Caslick's 4 to 6 weeks prior to due date • Check mare frequently • Plan for colostrum supply (Frozen from previous breeding season) • Check udder secretion for change in electrolyte (Ca/Mg) to predict foaling time • Educate client about management of foaling
35
Significacne of Ca/Mg
Will indicate foaling
36
Pre-foaling mammary gland secretions
* Increase in calcium and magnesium * Increased Potassium * Decreased sodium * Inversion of Na+/K+
37
Postpartum mare and foal Care
``` • Examination of foal at birth  Development  Behavior  Congenital abnormalities • Care of the umbilical cord stump • Check for passive transfer of immunity (IgG testing) ```
38
EQUINE VENEREAL DISEASES
``` • Equine coital exanthema • Equine Viral Arteritis • Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) • Dourine • Others: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ```
39
Equine coital exanthema
``` (EHV-3)  Species specific  Alpha herpes virus  Worldwide distribution (endemic in the USA)  Latent infections can reactivate due to stress ```
40
EHV3 Transmission
 Direct contact with lesions  Mechanical (instruments, personnel)  Incubation 5 to 9 days
41
Clinical signs of EHV-3
``` • Small (2-3 mm) papules progressing to pustules then ulceration • Erosions with scab • Heal in 2 t 3 weeks • Stallions: decreased libido ```
42
Dx of EHV-3
* Serology * Viral inclusion * PCR * No treatment * Do not breed until lesions heal * breeding hygiene * Carrier state is possible
43
EVA Epidemiology
* Worldwide distribution * Endemic in US, Standardbred population * Reportable disease in 40 states * Virus is androgen dependent * Stallions can be lifelong carriers * Transmission * Outbreaks have been reported recently * 69.5% exposed via shipped cooled semen
44
Transmission of EVA
* Main source Shedding stallions * Aerosol * Vertical * Fomites
45
Clinical features of EVA
``` • Incubation period: 2 to 14 days • Edema due to arteritis, vasculitis • Fever • Respiratory disease • Virus replicates in endothelial cells and macrophages • Abortion 8 to 30 day post infection • 3 to 10 months • Foal can be born infected ```
46
Dx of EVA
* Serology (virus neutralization) | * Virus isolation (semen)
47
Px of EVA
``` • Vaccination of stallions • Vaccination of mares bred to infected stallions • Only breed to EVA negative stallions ```
48
If you vaccinate for EVA, you must....
separate the vaccinated animals from the naive animals for at least 30 days because the vaccine is live
49
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) - agents
```  Taylorella equigenitalis  Taylorella asinigenitalis (donkeys)  Gram negative microaerophilic coccobacillus ```
50
Transmission of CEM
 Venereal, fomite, vertical |  Carrier stallions
51
Clinical Signs of CEM
``` • Stallions: no clinical signs • Mares • Copious gray vaginal discharge within 24-72 hours persists for one cycle • Cervicitis persists longer and positive cultures may be obtained for as long as 6 weeks • Endometritis, salpingitis • Infertility • Pregnancy loss ```
52
Dx of CEM
``` • Culture requires special media (check with lab.) • Serology not recommended • PCR is now the gold standard (University of Kentucky) • Test breeding (stallions for import) ```
53
CEM testing samples
``` • Mare  Clitoral fossa, sinus  Vaginal discharge • Stallion  Pre-ejaculatory fluid  Urethral swabs  Urethral fossa  Semen  Test breeding ```
54
CEM - Treatment - stallions
 Daily for 5 days washing of the penis with 5% chlorhexidine gluconate, rinse and pack with nitrofurazone ointment, parenteral antibiotics (penicillin) re-culture 7 days after
55
CEM - Treatment - mares
 Intrauterine: Penicillin, ampicillin  Clean the clitoral fossa and flush clitoral sinus: chlorhexidine gluconate 4%, pack with nitrofurazone 0.2% or silver sulfadiazine 1%  Clitoral sinusectomy
56
Dourine - causative agent
 Trypanosoma equiperdum |  Protozoa
57
epidemiology of dourine
 Venereal disease  No vectors known  Reportable disease (foreign animal disease)
58
Clinical signs of dourine
```  Slow to develop (may incubate for 20 weeks)  Stage 1: Genital edema, vaginal or urethral discharge, weight loss  Stage 2: Fever, edema and ulceration of external genitalia, Cutaneous plaques (silver dollar), Ventral edema  Stage 3: Anemia, neurologic disorders, paresis, death ```
59
dx treatment of dourine
* Diagnosis: CF test, PCR * No treatment * Euthanasia

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