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Neuroanatomy Final > Lecture 1: Eye pgs 1-12 > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Eye pgs 1-12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the transition from neural to non-neural retina called?

A

Ora serrata

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2
Q

What is the site where axons exit the eye and enter the optic nerve?

A

Optic disc

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3
Q

What is the depressed area within the pigmented macula lutea?

A

fovea centralis

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4
Q

What is the area of greatest visual acuity?

A

Fovea centralis

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5
Q

What takes of the aqueous humor and helps to maintain aqueous humor amount?

A

Canal of schlem

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6
Q

An outpocketing of the ________________ (optic vesicle and cup) gives rise to the retina and optic nerve.

A

Neural tube

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7
Q

The ____________, like the rest of the CNS, is myelinated by oligodendrocytes and can NOT regenerate

A

Optic Nerve

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8
Q

The lens ______ becomes the lens vesicle.

A

placode

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9
Q

What is a Coloboma?

A

Incomplete closure of optic fissure. This is also known as “Cats eye” or “keyhole”. This looks like the pupil has melted into the iris so there is a black line of the pupil, instead of just a circle in the middle of the eye.

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10
Q

What does the outer layer of the optic cup form?

A

Retinal pigment epithelium

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11
Q

What does the inner layer of the optic cup form?

A

Neural retina

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12
Q

What does the optic stalk form?

A

Optic nerve

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13
Q

What is the optic fissure?

A

It is a fissure formed by the folding of the stalk upon itself. If this fissure doesn’t close properly it will cause coloboma.

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14
Q

Where is the blind spot in the eye?

A

Optic disc

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15
Q

The conversion of light into neuronal excitation is called the basic __________________.

A

Basic retinal circuitry

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16
Q

What is the main circuit?

A

Photoreceptors -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells

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17
Q

What is the order that the path of light goes through?

A

Optic nerve fiber layer -> Ganglion cell layer -> inner plexiform layer -> Inner nuclear layer (bipolar cells) -> outer plexiform layer -> outer nuclear layer (photoreceptors cell bodies) -> layer of rods and cones -> Retinal pigment epithelium -) choroid

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18
Q

What are the contents of the retinal pigment epithelium?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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19
Q

What are the contents of the layer of rods and cones?

A

Light sensitive potions of the photoreceptors

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20
Q

What are the photoreceptors and what do they deal with?

A

Rods - black and white

Cones - color

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21
Q

What are the contents of the outer nuclear layer?

A

Nuclei of the photoreceptors

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22
Q

What are the contents of the outer plexiform layer?

A

Synapses between photoreceptors and bipolar cells

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23
Q

What are the contents of the inner nuclear layer?

A

Nuclei of bipolar cells (amacrine, horizontal and muller cells too)

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24
Q

What are muller cells and where do they extend to and from?

A

They are the glial cells of the eye and they extend from the basement membrane near vitreous chamber to the retinal pigment epithelium

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25
Q

What are the contents of the inner plexiform layer?

A

Synapses between bipolar and ganglion cells

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26
Q

What are the contents of the ganglion cell layer?

A

Cell bodies of ganglion cels

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27
Q

What are the contents of the optic nerve fiber layer?

A

Ganglion cell axons (axons=fibers) that go to optic disc and nerve

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28
Q

The ___________________ is a shallow depression within the pigmented macula lutea.

A

Fovea centralis

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29
Q

The fovea is filled with tightly packed _______ photoreceptors.

A

Cone

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30
Q

T/F - All other retinal cells other than cone photoreceptors are displaced laterally at fovea.

A

True

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31
Q

The site where ganglion cell axons converge and pierce a weakened area of the sclera, the lamina cribrosa, and enters into the optic nerve is called what?

A

Optic disk

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32
Q

The optic disk lacks ___________.

A

Photoreceptors

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33
Q

The optic nerve contains axons of the ______________________ cells.

A

Retinal ganglion cells

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34
Q

The fibers are unmyelinated in the retina, but become myelinated after they enter the _________.

A

nerve

35
Q

What is it called when there is a swollen optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure (tumor,edema, or hemorrhage) transmitted along the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve?

A

Papilledema

36
Q

What happens during a detached edema?

A

Trauma, vitreous shrinkage (with age), etc can result in separation of the retinal pigment epithelium from the neural retina (at the layer of the rods and cones). This detachment represents a reopening of the intraretinal space in the embryonic eye (between the outer and inner layers of the optic cup).

37
Q

Retinal detachment separates the photoreceptors from their blood supply in the ____________.

A

Choroid

38
Q

The optic nerve fiber layer and ______________ cell layer are supplied by their own blood supply in the optic nerve fiber layer and inner plexiform layer

A

Ganglion cell layer

39
Q

What portion of the membrane is known for pupillary constriction?

A

Pretectal area

40
Q

The superior colliculus is known for what?

A

Generation of the eye movements and orientation

41
Q

What is the hypothalamus known for?

A

Circadian rhythms

42
Q

A ____________ map is a point to point map of the image falling on each retina.

A

Retinotopic map

43
Q

The _________________ is defined as the area of the environment seen by each eye when the other eye is closed.

A

Visual field

The visual fields can be divided into nasal and temporal halves, or superior and inferior halves.

44
Q

The lens projects the visual fields upside down and ____________ onto the retina.

A

backwards

45
Q

The temporal visual fields projects onto what?

A

Nasal hemiretina

46
Q

The nasal visual fields projects onto what?

A

Temporal hemiretina

47
Q

The inferior hemiretina is projected from which visual field?

A

Superior

48
Q

The superior hemiretina is projected from which visual field?

A

Inferior

49
Q

All the ganglion cell axons from the retina combine to make the ____________.

A

Optic N.

50
Q

The optic nerve is myelinated by ________________.

A

oligodendrocytes

51
Q

The optic chiasm is a crossing of ________ retinal fibers to contralateral optic tract.

A

nasal retinal fibers

52
Q

The fibers from the ipsilateral temporal retina and contralateral nasal retina make up the __________________.

A

Optic tract

53
Q

Where does the optic tract terminate into?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

54
Q

Where do the axons of the cell bodies that reside in the LGN terminate?

A

Cerebral cortex

55
Q

Axons from the LGN first travel in the ___________________, then split with half of the fibers traveling through the parietal lobe and the other half through the temporal lobe.

A

Internal capsule

56
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

Occipital lobe

57
Q

What are the other names for the primary visual cortex?

A

Striate cortex or Brodmann’s area 17

58
Q

The primary visual cortex surrounds the ___________ fissure on the medial side of the occipital lobe, including the lingual gyrus and cuneus.

A

Calcarine

59
Q

Give the pathway for superior vision.

A

Superior visual field -> inferior retina -> LGN -> temporal lobe visual radiations (meyer’s loop) -> lingual gyrus (occipital lobe - inferior to calcarine fissure)

60
Q

Give the pathway for inferior vision.

A

Inferior visual field -> superior retina -> LGN -> parietal lobe visual radiations -> cuneus (occipital lobe - superior to calcarine fissure)

61
Q

The _________ gyrus corresponds to superior or upper vision.

A

Lingual gyrus (inferior to calcarine fissure)

62
Q

___________ corresponds to inferior or lower vision.

A

Cuneus

63
Q

What is anopia or anopsia?

A

Lack or defect of vision

64
Q

What is hemianopia?

A

Defect of vision of a half of the eye’s visual field

65
Q

What is quadrantanopia?

A

Defect in vision of a quarter of an eye’s visual field

66
Q

What is homonymous?

A

Defect in same portion of the visual fields of both eyes

67
Q

Where is there a vision loss in nasal hemianopia of the left eye?

A

Visual loss is in the nasal visual field of the left eye

68
Q

Where is there a vision loss in right homonymous hemianopia?

A

Visual loss in the right half of the visual fields of both eyes

69
Q

Where is there a vision loss in left superior homonymous quadrantanopia?

A

Visual loss in the left superior quarter of the visual fields of both eyes.

70
Q

Lesions in the eye, retina, or optic nerve can cause impaired vision in the visual field of __________.

A

one eye

71
Q

Lesions in the optic chiasm, optic tract, or further along the pathway can cause impaired vision in the visual fields of _____________.

A

both eyes

72
Q

An optic nerve lesion of the right eye is called _______________,________.

A

monocular blindness, right eye

73
Q

An _____________________ lesion will lead to loss of afferent limb of pupillary light reflex (direct response).

A

optic nerve lesion

74
Q

What would be the lesion site that is common with pituitary adenomas?

A

Optic chiasm in the midline

75
Q

What would be the term associated with a lesion at the optic chiasm at the midline?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

76
Q

If there is a lesion at the lateral margin of the optic chiasm what occurs? (damage to right side)

A

Nasal hemianopia, right eye

77
Q

What can cause a lateral margin of the optic chiasm lesion?

A

Aneurysms or calcification of the internal carotid artery

78
Q

What can cause left homonymous hemianopia? (damage to right side)

A

A lesion at the optic tract, LGN, all visual radiations, internal capsule, or all primary visual cortex on one side.

79
Q

What can cause left superior homonymous quadrantanopia? (damage to right side)

A

Lesions of the visual radiation fibers in the white matter of temporal lobe (Meyer’s loop) or lesions of the lingual gyrus of the primary visual cortex.

80
Q

When you have a lesion to the visual radiation fibers in the white matter of the parietal lobe or lesions of cuneusin the primary visual cortex can cause what defect? (damage to right side)

A

Left inferior homonymous quadranopia

81
Q

Trauma or tumor to the primary visual cortex will result in what? (damage to right side)

A

Left homonymous hemianopia

82
Q

Trauma to the primary visual cortex or occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery will lead to what? (damage to right side)

A

Left homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

83
Q

A blow to the back of the primary visual cortex (bilateral, macular region) willl lead to what?

A

Bilateral central scotoma

Neuroanatomy Final (3 decks)

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