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Neuroanatomy Final > Lecture 2: Diencephalon and thalamus pgs 12-20 > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Diencephalon and thalamus pgs 12-20 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the gray matter in the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral cortex

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2
Q

What are the subcortical nuclei?

A 
Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Putamen
Amygdala
Claustrum
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3
Q

What makes up the white matter in the telencephalon?

A

Corpus callosum

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4
Q

What makes up the gray matter in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus

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5
Q

What are some other parts of the diencephalon other than the gray matter?

A

Pineal gland
Third ventricle
Internal capsule

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6
Q

What does the internal capsule contain?

A

Fibers that connect the thalamus to the cortex

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7
Q

What percentage of the neural tube bends during development of the forebrain?

A

90%

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8
Q

The ________________ grows laterally forming 2 cerebral hemispheres, then in a C-shape, folding back and over the diencephalon.

A

Telencephalon

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9
Q

The thalamus is the gateway to what structure?

A

Cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Each thalamus is linked to the ______________ cerebral cortex.

A

Ipsilateral (same side)

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11
Q

All the senses, except __________, relay through the thalamus.

A

Olfaction (smell)

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12
Q

What are the 3 functional groups of thalamic nuclei?

A

1) Specific relay nuclei
2) Association nuclei
3) Nonspecific/diffuse nuclei

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13
Q

What type of nuclei receives specific moor or sensory inputs, then relays the information to the primary motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Specific relay nuclei

LGN, MGN, VPL, VPM, VA, VL

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14
Q

What nuclei have reciprocal connections with the large association areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Association nuclei

DM, A, Pulvinar, LD and LP

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15
Q

What nuclei have diffuse connections primarily with the subcortical areas including the reticular formation of the brainstem, other thalamic nuclei, and the basal ganglia?

A

Nonspecific or diffuse nuclei

CM, midline, and reticular nuclei

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16
Q

Hearing ascends bilaterally with a stronger _________________ representation.

A

Contralateral

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17
Q

Where does the first neuron synapse in hearing?

A

medulla, ipsilateral side of the neuron

It then crosses in the medulla as well

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18
Q

Where is the 2nd synapse in hearing?

A

Inferior colliculus

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19
Q

What is the nuclei that is synapsed in for the 3rd synapse in hearing?

A

MGN

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20
Q

Where is hearing relayed to in the end?

A

Transverse temporal gyrus

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21
Q

What is the nucleus that neurons synapse in the thalamus for discriminative senses of the body?

A

VPL

22
Q

What portion of the cerebral cortex do neurons synapse in for discriminative senses of the body?

A

Postcentral gyrus/paracentral lobule (contralateral side)

23
Q

What thalamic nuclei contains neurons associated with pain and temperature of the body?

A

VPL

24
Q

What portion of the cerebral cortex is associated with pain and temperature of the body?

A

Postcentral gyrus/paracentral lobule (contralateral side)

25
Q

What portion of the cerebral cortex is associated with pain and temperature of the face?

A

Postcentral gyrus

26
Q

What is the nucleus that neurons synapse in the thalamus for pain and temp of the face?

A

VPM

27
Q

What is area 17 also known as?

A

Primary visual cortex

28
Q

What is are areas 41 and 41 also known as?

A

Primary Auditory cortex

29
Q

What are areas 1,2, and 3 also known as?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

30
Q

What is area 4 known as?

A

Primary motor cortex and premotor and supplementary motor cortex

31
Q

What is the path of vision?

A

Retinal ganglion cell -> Optic nerve -> optic chiasm (x 1/2) -> optic tract -> LGN -> Area 17 (Occipital lobe - cuneus and lingula)

32
Q

What is the path for hearing?

A

Organ of corti -> choclear nucleus -> lateral lemniscus -> inferior colliculus -> inferiour brachium -> MGN -> Area41&42 (Temporal lobe - transverse temporal gyrus)

33
Q

What nucleus is linked with the cingulate gyrus and what does it do?

A

Anterior nucleus (A)

Involved in NEW memories

34
Q

What nucleus is linked with the prefrontal cortex?

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

35
Q

What nucleus is part of the limbic system and plays a major role in primitive drives and behavior, emotion, and cognition?

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

36
Q

What nucleus is linked with the parietal-occipital-temporal association cortex?

A

Pulvinar

37
Q

What is the pulvinar nuclei associated with?

A

Its involved in the integration and higher processing of different stimuli (visual, auditory, and somatosensory)

38
Q

What nucleus receives information from the reticular formation of the brainstem?

A

REticular nucleus

39
Q

What nucleus regulates the overall activity of the thalamus and determines if information will get passed to the cerebral cortex?

A

Reticular nucleus

40
Q

What will happen if there is damage to nonspecific nuclei?

A

May lead to lowered awareness and coma following thalamic damage

41
Q

Damage to what nucleus will result in contralateral homonymous hemianopia?

A

LGN damage

42
Q

Damage to what nucleus will lead to decreased sensations from contralateral body?

A

VPL

43
Q

Damage to what nucleus will cause decreased sensations especially pain, from the face?

A

VPM

44
Q

Damage to what nucleus will cause central hearing deficit, minor dysfunction, subtle?

A

MGN

45
Q

This pain syndrome usually follows a stroke involving a deep branch of the posterior cerebral artery. Following an initial contralateral sensory loss, sensations return but are altered with innocuous sensations causing pain (perversion of sensations). What is this?

A

Thalamic syndrome of Dejerine-Roussy

46
Q

If someone feels a cotton ball rubbed on their arm and they feel it as a severe burning sensation, what might they have?

A

Thalamic syndrome of Dejerine-Roussy

47
Q

Damage to the motor relay nuclei (VA/VL - premotor cortex) will result in __________________.

A

Motor disturbances

48
Q

Some patients with basal ganglia disease (parkinsons, dystonia), may have selective lesions or implantations of what nuclei to try and alter their movement?

A

VA/VL - Motor relay nuclei

49
Q

Patients that have had damage to the dorsomedial nuclei develop what?

A

Behavior disturbances (apathy, loss of social inhibitions, change in behavior, disconnection of stimuli from emotion, etc.)

50
Q

What was an elective surgery done in order to try and change “crazy people” back in the day?

A

Prefrontal leucotomy (lobotomy) - to try and change their behavior

51
Q

What disease is common with alcoholics?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

52
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Disease common to alcoholics in which the DM nuclei and mammillary bodies are bilaterally degenerated. This causes inability to form new long-term memories as well as behavioral deficits. This includes confabulation, the tendency to fabricate false accounts of recent events.

Neuroanatomy Final (3 decks)

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