Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Preet psy 302 > Lecture 1 Goals and Methods > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Goals and Methods Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the the goals of developmental science

A
  1. Describing
  2. Explaining
  3. Applying
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the first goal of developmental science

A
  • describing
  • it is to understand the nature (abrupt vs slow) and variation of developmental changes across childhood in children

for example
- when do babies start babbling, producing words, reaching full vocab
- what does a one-year-old do compared to a certain age
- most theoretical works is based on descriptive work and describe what children were doing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Whats describing developmental

A
  • to understand developmental changes across childhood, the nature of these changes ( abrupt vs slow) and variation in skills in children
  • like when do babies start babbling, producing words, reaching full vocab
  • what does a one-year-old do compared to a certain age
  • Major theoretical works is based on descriptive work and describe what children were doing.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are quantitative changes

A
  • gradual changes in the amount, frequency, or degree of behaviours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are qualitative changes

A

a progression through a sequence of distinct changes
- like the frog’s growth is characterized by
unique stages. When the frog egg hatches, it is a tadpole that swims, feeds on algae, you cant meaurer frogs chnages by quantitives
- another exmaple of qualitative changes is puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some over all differences amongst children in development.

A

1) individual differences
2) apox age when skills emerge
3) course of change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are some individual differences

A
  • age of onset
  • rate of changes
  • the form skills
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Whats age of onset? Provide some examples

A
  • The approximate age when skills emerge
  • like first words, first steps, first signs of puberty ( 11 or 12 yr)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

whats rate of change? provide an example

A
  • course of change overtime, like vocabulary development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is of form of skills and provide some examples

A
  • what behaviours look like in children with diverse experiences
  • example; Counting: although people assume this skill to be universal, the
    Pirahã people appear to lack number concepts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

whats apox age when skills emerge

A

First words, first steps, first signs of puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

whats course of change over time

A

example,
vocaulary development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Can we predict future development based on present
development?

A

its a matter of stability vs. Plasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is stability?

A

Wheter children who are relatively high or low on certain characteristics or behaviour at a particular point in time are also relativley low or high at other times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

give an example of stability

A

children with difficulties regulating their emotions in infancy display difficulties regulating emotions years later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The impressive capacity of humans to adapt to changing environments and experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

example of plasticity

A

adoption studies reveal remarkable malleability in child development:
- children who were adopted out of impoverished environments caught up to their peers who had never been in impoverished environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

are there any limits to plasticity?

A
  • yes, like the case of children living in orphanages who werent adopted till after 18 months of age and continued to experince behavioral problems that were difficult to reverse for many years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the second goal of development psychology

A

Explaining Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Whats explaining development

A

to identify factors that contribute to developmental change in children as a group to individual differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is nature

A

childs biological makeup, the genes inherited from parents.
- includes:
- biological characteristics like arms legs
- unique characteristics like physical appearence such as eye colour, height, hair colour etc)
-personality like extraversion, agreeableness and openness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is nurture

A

range of environmental contexts and experiences that influence development
- like: family, childcare, school, neighbourhood and culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a Developmental Cascades?

A

The idea that change of one
kind can have positive or
negative cascading ( like a waterfall flowing) effects,
setting other kinds of changes
in motion, both immediately
and at later ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are cascades within time?

A

concurrent influences that occur across diff domains and or between the developing child and the child’s environment and experiences

for example: language skills and emotional regulation
- Infant temperament and parental sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are cascades overtime?
changes at one period in development result in changes at a later period in the same or different domain - for example, children who experience low-quality parenting early may experience academic probles later, as well as limits to future education choices
26
what is the third goal of developmental science?
- applying
27
what are two applications of developmental science
1. development science has social and practical implications - for example prevention and intervention programs, educational curricula, parenting supports, local and national investmenst ( developmental science informs local, state, and federal policies and initiatives that affect families and children. Maternity and paternity leave policies, child and family welfare laws, health care initiatives, programs such as Head Start (which provide quality childcare and support to poor families), and even laws about the legal ages for smoking and drinking present noteworthy examples of areas that are grounded in the findings of developmental science.) 2. developmental science can inform design, implementation and evaluation of prgrams and polices - book reading programs ( Book reading has the potential to expose infants and toddlers to a greater variety of words than children would otherwise encounter during other activities. Exposure to new words, in turn, facilitates growth in vocabulary that sets children on a path toward academic success)
28
What are two things you should know regarding research in development science
1. How to conduct research 2. Ensuring scientific rigour and integrity
29
whats discovery based science?
science based on discovering and understanding what children do and what development looks like without assuming examples of discovery based science include Piagets constructivist theory of development and bowlbys theory of attachnment
30
what is a sample
participants in a study
31
the amount of people in a sample is called
sample size
32
whats sample demographics
age, gender, education level, employment status, annual household income, marital and family status, housing, business etc
33
whats generlizability
how do research findings from one sample extend to a population at large
34
if the sample is larger then the ----- the chance that findings are generalizable
if the sample is larger then the greater the chance that findings are generalizable
35
what is convenience sampling
recruiting participants in a study based on how easy b it is to get them ( like example a student will ask their classmates to complete their survey)
36
will there be any biases in samples of convenience?
yes, there may be bias findings and it may differ from the larger population
37
whats are "WEIRD" populations in developmental psychology
- WEIRD stands for Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic
38
why is having "WEIRD" participant populations in research a problem?
- increase evidence that numerous findings in development, even ones presumed to be "universal" are, in fact , tied to specific cultural contexts - our understanding of human development is limited
39
list the four types of research methods
1. Interviews 2. Written surveys 3. Observations 4. Psychological Assessments
40
provide an example and list the pro + con of interviews
example: - structured vs unstructured interviews pros: - data from participants on their behaviour - researched can get info on infrequent behaviours/events that cant be observed in a single study session cons: - participants can be biased - participant scan disclose information to hide negative behaviors or feelings
41
provide an example and list the pro + con of written surveys
example: - paper, online pros: - participant scan respond without talking to researcher, this can lower soical desirability effects cons: - need literacy skills, therefore young children or people with low education may be disinclined
42
provide an example and list the pro + con of observations
example: - naturalistic observation, structured observations, direct assesments pros: - researchers can directly observe/asses behaviours of interest cons: - can be costly time-wise, participants behaviour may be influnces by researchers pressence
43
provide an example and list the pro + con of psycholgical assesments
example: - brain activation, heart rate, blood pressure, eye movements, measures of hormones pros: - can assess how participants react and respond to diff stimuli and diff situations phsysiologgical - offers a diff lens cons: - can be costly in required tech and training - some methods cannot be used with young children - can be hard to factor causation, sometimes people have hormones based on time of day etc
44
what are study designs
specific plan for conductings a study that allows the researcher to test a study hypothesis
45
what are the 6 types of study designs?
1) correlational studies 2) experiments 3) longitudinal studies 4) cross-sectional study 5) cohort sequential study 6) microgenetic design
46
what are correlational studies
test associations between two or more variables with no manipulation of variables
47
example of correlations study
finding a relationship between # of hours playing violent games and children's aggressive behaviours
48
whats a confounding variable
a third variable that may relate to both dependents and independent variables
49
what are experiment sand what varibles does it include
a research method testing a hypothesis about a cause and effect relationship between two or more variables a) independent variable -- manipulated b) dependent variable -- measures example: violent video games
50
whats a longitudal study
follows the same particpants over time
51
whats a cross sectional study
tests diff groups of participants at diff ages
52
whats a cohort sequential study
tests different groups of participants, but then follows them across time
53
microgenetic design
frequent assessments over a small period of time
54
How do you ensure scientific rigour and integrity
1. by reliability, validity and replicability 2. Ethical considerations
55
what are the two common types of reliability?
1. Inter-rater reliability 2. test-retest Reliability
56
whats inter rater reliabilty
the extent to which diff observers reach the same results
57
whats test retest reliability
participant receives same or similar score when testes at diff times and under similar conditions
58
what are the 4 diff types of validity?
1. face validity 2. concurrent validity 3. predictive validity 4. external validity
59
whats face validty
the purpose of the meausre is clear to people who look it over
60
what concurrent validity
reflects degree to which a measure corresponds to another measure that tests the same phenomenon at the same point in time
61
what is predictive validity
reflects the degree to which a measure predicts a criterion to be measured at a future point
62
what is external validity
refers to the extent to which a measure can be applied across diff settings or diff groups of people
63
what are 9 SRCD ethical principles
1. confidentiality 2. full disclosure no deception 3. informed consent 4. informing/debreifing participants 5. mutual responsiilty 6. non-harmful procedures 7. anonymity 8. clear agreement 9. voluntary participation, righ to withdraw

Preet psy 302 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions